In American practice, the forces which countered enemy propaganda were those pertaining to troop information and education--morale or special services. These did not concern themselves with propaganda to the Germans and Japanese. In the German and Russian armies of World War II, but not in the American, British, French or Japanese, there were _political officers_ attached to the units under a variety of titles; these often took charge of propaganda to the enemy (offensive) as well as indoctrination of their own troops (defensive), but the unrelatedness of these two functions let them split apart. Even here, the parallel between combat operations and propaganda operations breaks down. Rarely does it occur that there is a simple juxtaposition of forces, thus: _Enemy Propagandist_ ----> _Audience_ <---- _Own Propagandist_ (_Troops_) The issue is more commonly one in which the propagandist on each side attacks those troops which are retreating, cut off, suffering heavy losses, politically disaffected, or otherwise psychologically promising material for him. Of the factors which can affect troop or enemy morale, the presence of friendly propaganda is a minor one. The result then becomes complicated: _Enemy Propagandist_ ----> _Exposed or Demoralized Units_ _Well Supplied and Well Informed Units_ <---- _Own Propagandist_ Troops who are starving or are subjected to inordinate losses will not have their propaganda-resistance heightened by pep talks. A chopped-up unit has no means of enjoying USO facilities. Propaganda vulnerability depends most commonly on the objective situation of the audience. If the objective situation is good or neutral, one's own propaganda can supplement the good morale conditions, but even here, it does not and should not meet enemy propaganda frontally. In so far as it can be tabulated, the visualizable propaganda situation at any given time would be something like this. ---------------------- Own Propaganda | _Own Audience_ |<---- Friendly To Enemy Audience | Actual Surroundings| Propaganda \ ----------------------_ To Home Audience \ |\ \ \ _\| \ --------------------- Enemy Propaganda ----> | _Enemy Audience_ | Enemy To Enemy Audience |Actual Surroundings| Propaganda To --------------------- One's Own Side