Further, I must thank several of my associates in the propaganda agencies whose thinking proved most stimulating to mine. Mr. Geoffrey Gorer was equally brilliant as colleague and as ally. Dean Edwin Guthrie brought insights to Psychological Warfare which were as much the reflection of a judicious, humane personality as of preeminent psychological scholarship. Professor W. A. Aiken, himself a historian, provided data on the early history of U. S. facilities in World War II. Mr. F. M. Fisher and Mr. Richard Watts, Jr., of the OWI China Outpost, together with their colleagues, taught me a great deal by letting me share some of their tasks and my immediate chief in China, Colonel Joseph K. Dickey, was kind to allow a member of his small, overworked staff to give time to Psychological Warfare. Messrs. Herbert Little, John Creedy and C. A. Pearce have told me wonderful stories about their interesting end of propaganda. Mr. Joseph C. Grew, formerly Under Secretary of State and Ambassador to Japan, showed me that the processes of traditional responsible diplomacy include many skills which Psychological Warfare rediscovers crudely and in different form. Finally, I wish to thank Colonel Joseph I. Greene in his triple role of editor, publisher and friend, to whom this volume owes its actual being. While this material has been found unobjectionable on the score of security by the Department of the Army, it certainly does not represent Department of the Army policy, views, or opinion, nor is the Department responsible for matters of factual accuracy. I assume sole and complete responsibility for this book and would be glad to hear the comment or complaint of any reader. My address is indicated below. PAUL M. A. LINEBARGER 2831 29th Street N.W. Washington 8, D. C. 20 June 1947 CONTENTS ACKNOWLEDGMENTS vii PART ONE: DEFINITION AND HISTORY CHAPTER 1: Historic Examples of Psychological Warfare 1 CHAPTER 2: The Function of Psychological Warfare 25 CHAPTER 3: Definition of Psychological Warfare 37 CHAPTER 4: The Limitations of Psychological Warfare 48 CHAPTER 5: Psychological Warfare In World War I 62 CHAPTER 6: Psychological Warfare In World War II 77 PART TWO: ANALYSIS, INTELLIGENCE, AND ESTIMATE OF THE SITUATION CHAPTER 7: Propaganda Analysis 110 CHAPTER 8: Propaganda Intelligence 132 CHAPTER 9: Estimate of the Situation 150 PART THREE: PLANNING AND OPERATIONS CHAPTER 10: Organization for Psychological Warfare 168 CHAPTER 11: Plans and Planning 194 CHAPTER 12: Operations for Civilians 203 CHAPTER 13: Operations Against Troops 211 PART FOUR: PSYCHOLOGICAL WARFARE AFTER WORLD WAR II