8. Doing two things at once. Prepare several columns of one-place numbers, ten digits in a column. Try to add these columns, at the same time reciting a familiar poem, and notice how you manage it, and how accurate your work is. 9. Consider what would be the best way to secure sustained attention to some sort of work from which your mind is apt to wander. REFERENCES Walter B. Pillsbury gives a full treatment of the subject in his book on _Attention_, 1908, and a condensed account of the matter in Chapter V of his _Essentials of Psychology_, 2nd edition, 1920. Another full treatment is that of Titchener, in his _Textbook of Psychology_, 1909, pp. 265-302. On the topic of distraction, see John J. B. Morgan's _Overcoming of Distraction and Other Resistances_, 1916. {271} CHAPTER XII INTELLIGENCE HOW INTELLIGENCE IS MEASURED, WHAT IT CONSISTS IN AND EVIDENCE OF ITS BEING LARGELY A MATTER OF HEREDITY Before leaving the general topic of native traits and passing to the process of learning or acquiring traits, we need to complete our picture of the native mental constitution by adding intelligence to reflex action, instinct, emotion, feeling, sensation and attention. Man is an intelligent animal by nature. The fact that he is the most intelligent of animals is due to his native constitution, as the fact that, among the lower animals, some species are more intelligent than others is due to the native constitution of each species. A rat has more intelligence than a frog, a dog than a rat, a monkey than a dog, and a man than a monkey, because of their native constitutions as members of their respective species. But the different individuals belonging to the same species are not all equal in intelligence, any more than in size or strength or vitality. Some dogs are more intelligent than others, and the same is notably true of men. Now, are these differences between members of the same species due to heredity or environment? This question we can better approach after considering the methods by which psychologists undertake to measure intelligence; and an analysis of these methods may also serve to indicate what is included under the term "intelligence". {272} Intelligence Tests