Preparation for Action 74 Preparatory Reactions 77 What the Preparatory Reactions Accomplish 79 What a Tendency Is, in Terms of Nerve Action 82 Motives 84 Exercises 86 References 88 CHAPTER V NATIVE AND ACQUIRED TRAITS 89 The Source of Native Traits 90 Reactions Appearing at Birth Must Be Native 91 Reactions That Cannot Be Learned Must Be Native 92 Experimental Detection of Native Reactions 93 Is Walking Native or Acquired? 95 Universality as a Criterion of Native Reactions 97 Some Native Traits Are Far from Being Universal 98 Why Acquired Traits Differ from One Individual to Another 99 What Mental Traits Are Native? 100 Exercises 103 References 104 CHAPTER VI INSTINCT 105 The Difference Between an Instinct and a Reflex 107 An Instinct Is a Native Reaction-Tendency 109 Fully and Partially Organized Instincts 111 Instincts Are Not Ancestral Habits 113 Instincts Not Necessarily Useful in the Struggle for Existence 114 The So-called Instincts of Self-preservation and of Reproduction 115 Exercises 117 References 117 CHAPTER VII EMOTION 118 Organic States That Are Not Usually Classed as Emotions 119 How These Organic States Differ from Regular Emotions 120 The Organic State in Anger 121 Glandular Responses During Emotion 122 The Nerves Concerned in Internal Emotional Response 124 The Emotional State as a Preparatory Reaction 125 "Expressive Movements," Another Sort of Preparatory Reactions 126 Do Sensations of These Various Preparatory Reactions Constitute the Conscious State of Emotion? 128 The James-Lange Theory of the Emotions 129 Emotion and Impulse 130 Emotion Sometimes Generates Impulse 132 Emotion and Instinct 134 The Higher Emotions 136 Exercises 136 References 136 CHAPTER VIII INVENTORY OF HUMAN INSTINCTS AND PRIMARY EMOTIONS 137 Classification 138 Responses to Organic Needs 139 Instinctive Responses to Other Persons 145 The Play Instincts 151 Exercises 170 References 171 CHAPTER IX THE FEELINGS 172 Pleasantness and Unpleasantness Are Simple Feelings 173