[23] Allport really used a rank-order method of handling opinion expressions which he unjustifiably treated as marking definite positions along a base line. Thurstone has greatly improved the technique of opinion measurement. See Thurstone and Chave, _The Measurement of Attitude_ (Chicago, 1929). For Allport’s original paper (with D. A. Hartman), see “Measurement and Motivation of Atypical Opinion in a Certain Group,” _American Political Science Review_, XIX (1925), 735-60. [24] “Three Distinctions in the Study of Leaders,” _Journal of Abnormal and Social Psychology_, Vol. XXIII (July-September, 1928). [25] By Keith Sward, Social Science Research Council Fellow, and others. I discuss the problem of evaluating test results later on. [26] “A Biochemical Approach to the Study of Personality,” _Journal of Abnormal and Social Psychology_, Vol. XXIII (July-September, 1928). [27] Hans Apfelbach, _Der Aufbau des Charakters_. Cf. Otto Weininger, _Geschlecht und Charakter_; Fliess, _Ablauf des Lebens_. [28] C. G. Jung, _Psychological Types_, chap. x. [29] _Beyond the Pleasure Principle._ [30] “The Significance of Physical Constitution in Mental Disease,” _Medicine_, V (1926), 375-451. [31] The popular superstition about the dangers of masturbation seems to have become widespread in Western Europe in the eighteenth century. Havelock Ellis dates it from the appearance of a sensational book by an anonymous English doctor which was called _Onania: or the Heinous Sin of Self-Pollution and All Its Frightful Consequences in Both Sexes, Considered, with Spiritual and Physical Advice, etc._ This is said to have passed through eighty editions and to have been translated into German. Tissot, a physician of Lausanne, contributed his _Traité_ on the same subject in Latin in 1760. This appeared in French four years later, and subsequently in nearly all European languages. His watchword was that masturbation was a crime, “an act of suicide.” Voltaire popularized his viewpoint in the _Dictionnaire philosophique_, and the tradition became firmly set. See Havelock Ellis, _Studies in the Psychology of Sex_, I, 248-49. The cultural relativity of this attitude toward masturbation is brought out in ethnological reports. [32] _Psychoanalytische Studien zur Charakterbildung_ (International Psychoanalytische Bibliothek, 1925), Nr. XVI. Freud’s first contribution to the subject was published in 1908. His brief article, “Charakter and Analerotik,” is reprinted in the fifth volume of the _Gesammelte Schriften_. Others who have written in the same field are Sadger, Ferenczi, Jones, and E. Glover. [33] Joel Rinaldo paraphrases Freud in his _Psychoanalysis of the “Reformer”_ and without supporting cases argues that the reformer is always a meddling hysteric. This is not to be taken for granted, for he may more often prove to be an obsessive type, when he shows mental pathology. For the best picture of the two clinical types, see Janet, _Les névroses_.