It became evident ere long that the broadcast distribution of instructions as to how cows’ milk might safely be stored and prepared for infants had but a limited utility, and that the directions given were liable to be misinterpreted by mothers as an encouragement to abandon breast-feeding; and there is reason to believe that these directions did sometimes have this effect. Hence the importance of the work initiated by the late Dr. Sykes at the St. Pancras School for Mothers, which brought into relief the importance of encouraging breast-feeding by every possible means. In towns in which the aided supply of milk was continued, advice as to its use was also initiated; and thus gradually Infant Consultations, in which the main element was the giving of individual advice and treatment as required, superseded Milk Depots, and were established in very large numbers where Milk Depots had never been started. These had educational as well as medical and hygienic activities; and there need be no dispute as to the relative value of these two aspects of the work of Infant Consultations (also known as Schools for Mothers, Child Welfare Centres, Baby Weighings, Mothers’ Welcomes, etc.); for whether advice and instruction are given to the individual mother or to mothers collectively,—or as is advisable in both ways,—it should be exactly the advice which a physician skilled in the hygiene of infancy as well as in the treatment of infantile complaints would give to his individual patient. In this sense it remains true, as Professor Budin, the distinguished founder of Infant Consultations said: “An infant consultation is worth precisely as much as the presiding physician.” This is true whether it is possible to arrange for a physician to be present at each meeting of a Child Welfare Centre; or whether, as has happened during the Great War in England, nurses or health visitors trained under such a physician have given hygienic advice in his absence. _The Notification of Births_ For many years before the Notification of Births Act was passed, it had been customary, especially in towns, to arrange for inquiry by a sanitary inspector or female visitor into death occurring under one year of age, and in many instances for the giving of systematic advice to mothers concerning their infants. More than twenty years ago the Manchester and Salform Sanitary Association had initiated a system of home visitation by volunteer ladies and by women workers paid by the Association who went from house to house, gave elementary sanitary advice, and reported serious defects to the Sanitary Authority. The City Council at an early stage showed its appreciation of the importance of this work by giving grants towards the expenditure incurred. In order to enable early visits to be made, the town council of Salford had begun as early as 1899 a system of voluntary notification of births by midwives.