Produced by David Phillips, Charles Franks and the Online Distributed Proofreading Team. PUBLIC OPINION BY WALTER LIPPMANN TO FAYE LIPPMANN Wading River, Long Island. 1921. _"Behold! human beings living in a sort of underground den, which has a mouth open towards the light and reaching all across the den; they have been here from their childhood, and have their legs and necks chained so that they cannot move, and can only see before them; for the chains are arranged in such a manner as to prevent them from turning round their heads. At a distance above and behind them the light of a fire is blazing, and between the fire and the prisoners there is a raised way; and you will see, if you look, a low wall built along the way, like the screen which marionette players have before them, over which they show the puppets. I see, he said. And do you see, I said, men passing along the wall carrying vessels, which appear over the wall; also figures of men and animals, made of wood and stone and various materials; and some of the prisoners, as you would expect, are talking, and some of them are silent? This is a strange image, he said, and they are strange prisoners. Like ourselves, I replied; and they see only their own shadows, or the shadows of one another, which the fire throws on the opposite wall of the cave? True, he said: how could they see anything but the shadows if they were never allowed to move their heads? And of the objects which are being carried in like manner they would see only the shadows? Yes, he said. And if they were able to talk with one another, would they not suppose that they were naming what was actually before them?"_ --The Republic of Plato, Book Seven. (Jowett Translation.) CONTENTS PART I. INTRODUCTION I. The World Outside and the Pictures in Our Heads PART II. APPROACHES TO THE WORLD OUTSIDE II. Censorship and Privacy III. Contact and Opportunity IV. Time and Attention V. Speed, Words, and Clearness PART III. STEREOTYPES VI. Stereotypes VII. Stereotypes as Defense VIII. Blind Spots and Their Value IX. Codes and Their Enemies X. The Detection of Stereotypes PART IV. INTERESTS XI. The Enlisting of Interest XII. Self-Interest Reconsidered PART V. THE MAKING OF A COMMON WILL XIII. The Transfer of Interest XIV. Yes or No XV. Leaders and the Rank and File PART VI. THE IMAGE OF DEMOCRACY XVI. The Self-Centered Man XVII. The Self-Contained Community XVIII. The Role of Force, Patronage, and Privilege XIX. The Old Image in a New Form: Guild Socialism XX. A New Image PART VII. NEWSPAPERS XXI. The Buying Public XXII. The Constant Reader XXIII. The Nature of News XXIV. News, Truth, and a Conclusion PART VIII. ORGANIZED INTELLIGENCE XXV. The Entering Wedge XXVI. Intelligence Work XXVII. The Appeal to the Public XXVIII. The Appeal to Reason PART I INTRODUCTION CHAPTER I THE WORLD OUTSIDE AND THE PICTURES IN OUR HEADS CHAPTER I. INTRODUCTION