Fort Sumter, a Pile of Stone on a Sandy Shoal 242 The Deserted Casemates of Fort Pulaski, near Savannah, Ga. 253 Scenes of Desolation at Fort Pulaski, near Savannah, Ga.: Parade and Ramparts 256 The Battered Eastern Salient 256 Old Stone Tower at Fort Snelling, near St. Paul, Minn. 268 Ruins of the Alamo in 1845 280 From a Sketch Upon Map of the Country in the Vicinity of San Antonio de Bexar Made by J. Edmund Blake, 1st Lieutenant Topographical Engineers, U. S. A. (By courtesy of the War Department) Fort Keogh, near Miles City, Montana 289 Fort Yuma, California 296 (By courtesy of the War Department) Scenes at Valley Forge, Pa.: National Memorial Arch 300 Washington’s Headquarters 300 Two Views To-day of the “Crater,” Petersburg, Va.: The Slaughter Hollow 302 The Entrance to the Tunnel 302 QUAINT AND HISTORIC FORTS OF NORTH AMERICA STRONGHOLDS OF THE PAST The tourist on the coast of Cape Breton Island, Nova Scotia--for in summer hundreds of people seek out this pleasant land for its cheerful climate--may come upon a little bay on the easternmost verge of the land where is a deep land-locked inlet protected from elemental fury by a long rocky arm thrust out from the shore into the sea. He will not be able to surmise from the present aspect of his surroundings that this was the site of mighty Louisburg, the greatest artificial stronghold (Quebec being largely a work of nature) that the French ever had in the New World. Of this massive and menacing fortress, which cost thirty million livres and twenty-five years of toil to build after the designs of the great Vauban, hardly one stone lies placed upon another and grass and rubble have taken the place of the heavy walls. Standing on the ground where New France’s greatest leaders stood it is difficult to-day to picture the martial pomp which once must have claimed this spot, to visualize, more particularly, the setting for the farcical onslaught of the zealous New Englanders of 1744, under the doughty Pepperell, in their greatest single military exploit. The Treaty of Utrecht, which provided a basis of agreement for France and England in the New World for almost half a century, did not establish boundaries between the two countries and the contest to determine the question was unceasing, though not officially recognized. France busied herself in building fortifications and was ready frequently to formally draw the sword; yet it needed the outbreak of the War of The Austrian Succession in 1744, in far distant Europe, to precipitate the American quarrel.