Nature of Accommodations 223 Means of Separation 224 Designation of Separation 225 Punishment for Violating Law 225 Separation of Postal Clerks 227 Separation of Passengers in Street Cars 227 Present Extent of Separation 228 Method of Separation 229 Enforcement of Laws 231 Exemptions 232 CHAPTER X NEGRO IN COURT ROOM 237–280 As Spectator 237 As Judge 238 As Lawyer 239 As Witness 241 As Juror 247 Actual Jury Service by Negroes in South 253 Separate Courts 272 Different Punishments 273 CHAPTER XI SUFFRAGE 281–347 Negro Suffrage Before 1865 282 Suffrage Between 1865 and 1870 285 Suffrage Between 1870 and 1890 288 Southern Suffrage Amendments Since 1890 294 Citizenship 296 Age 297 Sex 298 Residence 298 Payment of Taxes 299 Ownership of Property 300 Educational Test 301 “Grandfather Clauses” 305 “Understanding and Character Clauses” 308 Persons Excluded from Suffrage 310 Suffrage in Insular Possessions of United States 312 Constitutionality of Suffrage Amendments 313 Maryland and Fifteenth Amendment 317 Extent of Actual Disfranchisement 320 Qualifications for Voting in the United States 322