The objects employed in chemistry should never be brought into the room
where physical research is carried on, and as far as possible should be
avoided any unnecessary keeping of active substances in this room.
Before beginning our researches we were in the habit, in the case of
electrical experiments, of making a connection between the different
parts of the apparatus by insulated metallic wires, protected by metal
cylinders connected to earth, which screened the wires from all outside
electrical forces. In the investigation of radio-active bodies this
arrangement is quite defective; the air being a conductor there is
incomplete insulation between the thread and the cylinder, and the
inevitable electromotive force of contact between the thread and the
cylinder tends to produce a current through the air, and to cause a
deflection of the electrometer. We now screen all the wires from the air
by placing them inside cylinders filled with paraffin or other
insulating material. It would also be advantageous in these
investigations to make use of carefully enclosed electrometers.
_Activity Induced Outside the Influence of Radio-active Substances._
Attempts were made to produce induced radio-activity outside the action
of radio-active bodies.
M. Villard subjected to the action of the cathode rays a piece of
bismuth placed as anticathode in a Crookes tube; the bismuth was thus
rendered active to a very slight degree, for it required an exposure of
eight days to obtain a photographic impression.
Mr. MacLennan has exposed different salts to the action of cathode rays,
afterwards warming them slightly. The salts then acquired the property
of neutralising bodies positively charged.
Studies of this kind are of great interest. If, by using known physical
agents, it were possible to create a considerable radio-activity in
bodies originally inactive, we might hope thence to discover the cause
of the spontaneous radio-activity of certain substances.
_Variations of Activity of Radio-active Bodies. Effects of Solution._
The activity of polonium, as I have said above, diminishes with time.
This diminution is slow, and does not take place at the same rate with
different specimens. A sample of bismuth-polonium nitrate lost half its
activity in eleven months, and 95 per cent in thirty-three months. Other
specimens have evidenced similar diminution.
A specimen of metallic bismuth containing polonium was prepared from the
nitrite, its activity after preparation being 100,000 times that of
uranium. The metal is now only a body of medium radio-activity (2000
times that of uranium). Its radio-activity is determined at intervals.
In six months it has lost 67 per cent of its activity.
The loss of activity does not seem to be facilitated by chemical action.
In rapid chemical changes no considerable loss of activity has in
general taken place.
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