When the electric field was applied, the rays were deflected and a part
of the pencil of rays was stopped by the mica screen. A shadow was thus
cast on the plate which showed the direction of deviation and
corresponded to the least deviable rays which gave an impression through
the black paper.
If a particle of mass _m_, charge _e_, and velocity _u_, is projected
normally to an electric field of strength _X_, the acceleration α is in
the direction of the field, and is given by
_Xe_
α = ----- .
_m_
Since the particle moves with a constant acceleration parallel to the
field, the path of the particle is the same as that of a body projected
horizontally from a height with a constant velocity and acted on by
gravity. The path of the particle is thus a parabola, whose axis is
parallel to the field and whose apex is at the point where the particle
enters the electric field. The linear deviation _d₁_ of the ray parallel
to the field after traversing a distance _l_ is given by
1 _Xe_ _l²_
_d₁_ = -- -- ---- ---- .
2 _m_ _u²_
On leaving the electric field, the particle travels in the direction of
the tangent to the path at that point. If θ is the angular deviation of
the path at that point
_eXl_
tan θ = ----- .
_mu²_
The photographic plate was at a distance _h_ above the extremity of the
field. Thus the particles struck the plate at a distance _d₂_ from the
original path given by
$$ d_2 = h \tan \theta + d_1 $$
$$ = \frac {Xle} {mu^2} (\frac {l} {2} + h) $$
In the experimental arrangement the values were
_d₂_ = ·4 cms.;
_X_ = 1·02 × 10¹²;
_l_ = 3·45 cms.;
_h_ = 1·2 cms.
If the radius _R_ of curvature of the path of the same rays is observed
in a magnetic field of strength _H_ perpendicular to the rays,
_e_ _V_
--- = ----
_m_ _HR_
Combining these two equations we get
$$ u = \frac {X . l (\frac {l} {2} + h)} {H . R . d_2} $$ .
A difficulty arose in identifying the part of the complex pencil of rays
for which the electric and magnetic deviations were determined.
Becquerel estimated that the value of _HR_ for the rays deflected by the
electric field was about 1600 C.G.S. units. Thus
_u_ = 1·6 × 10¹⁰ cms. per second,
and
_e_
---- = 10⁷.
_m_
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