Bayard Taylor describes in the center of Africa [1. "The Palæolithic Implements of the Valley of the Delaware," Cambridge, 1881.] {p. 40} great plains of coarse gravel, dotted with gray granite bowlders.[1] In the United States Professor Winchell shows that the drift-deposits _extend to the Gulf of Mexico_. At Jackson, in Southern Alabama, be found deposits of pebbles one hundred feet in thickness.[2] If there are no drift-deposits except where the great ice-sheet ground them out of the rocks, then a shroud of death once wrapped the entire globe, and _all life ceased_. But we know that all life,--vegetable, animal, and human,--is derived from pre-glacial sources; therefore animal, vegetable, and human life did not perish in the Drift age; therefore an ice-sheet did not wrap the world in its death-pall; therefore the drift-deposits of the tropics were not due to an ice-sheet; therefore the drift-deposits of the rest of the world were not due to ice-sheets: therefore we must look elsewhere for their origin. There is no escaping these conclusions. Agassiz himself says, describing the Glacial age: "All the springs were dried up; the rivers ceased to flow. To the movements of a numerous and animated creation _succeeded the silence of death_." If the verdure was covered with ice a mile in thickness, all animals that lived on vegetation of any kind must have perished; consequently, all carnivores which lived on these must have ceased to exist; and man himself, without animal or vegetable food, must have disappeared for ever. A writer, describing Greenland wrapped in such an ice-sheet, says [1. "Travels in Africa," p. 188. 2. "Sketches of Creation," pp. 222, 223.] {p. 41} "The whole interior seems to be buried beneath a great depth of snow and ice, which loads up the valleys and wraps over the hills. The scene opening to view in the interior is desolate in the extreme--nothing but one dead, dreary expanse of white, so far as the eye can reach--_no living creature frequents this wilderness--neither bird, beast, nor insect_. The silence, deep as death, is broken only when the roaring storm arises to sweep before it the pitiless, blinding snow."[1] And yet the glacialists would have us believe that Brazil and Africa, and the whole globe, were once wrapped in such a shroud of death! Here, then, in conclusion, are the evidences that the deposits of the Drift are not due to continental ice-sheets: I. The present ice-sheets of the remote north create no such deposits and make no such markings. II. A vast continental elevation of land-surfaces at the north was necessary for the ice to slide down, and this did not exist. III. The ice-sheet, if it made the Drift markings, must have scored the rocks going up-hill, while it did not score them going down-hill. IV. If the cold formed the ice and the ice formed the Drift, why is there no Drift in the coldest regions of the earth, where there must have been ice?