leaves and remains of the elephant and mastodon found below and in the drift in America.[1] "The remains of the mastodon, rhinoceros, hippopotamus, and elephant are found in the pre-glacial beds of Italy."[2] These animals were slaughtered outright, and so suddenly that few escaped: Admiral Wrangel tells us that the remains of elephants, rhinoceroses, etc., are heaped up in such quantities in certain parts of Siberia that "he and his men climbed over ridges and mounds composed entirely of their bones."[3] We have seen that the Drift itself has all the appearance of having been the product of some sudden catastrophe: "Stones and bowlders alike are scattered higgledy-piggledy, pell-mell, through the clay, so as to give it a _highly confused and tumultuous appearance_." Another writer says: "In the mass of the 'till' itself fossils sometimes, but very rarely, occur. Tusks of the mammoth, reindeer-antlers, and _fragments of wood_ have from time to time been discovered. They almost invariably afford marks of having been subjected to the same action as the stones and bowlders by which they are surrounded."[4] Another says: "Logs and fragments of wood are often got at great depths in the buried gorges."[5] [1. "Smithsonian Contributions," vol. xv. 2. "The Great Ice Age," p. 492. 3. Agassiz, "Geological Sketches," p. 209. 4. "The Great Ice Age," p. 150. 5. "Illustrations of Surface Geology," "Smithsonian Contributions."] {p. 50} Mr. Geikie says: "Below a deposit of till, at Woodhill Quarry, near Kilmaurs, in Ayrshire (Scotland), the remains of mammoths and reindeer and certain marine shells have several times been detected during the quarrying operations. . . . Two elephant-tasks were got at a depth of seventeen and a half feet from the surface. . . . The mammalian remains, obtained from this quarry, occurred in a peaty layer between two thin beds of sand and gravel which lay beneath a mass of 'till,' and _rested directly on the sandstone rock_."[1] And again: "Remains of the mammoth have been met with at Chapelhall, near Airdrie, where they occurred in a bed of laminated sand, _underlying_ 'till.' Reindeer-antlers have also been discovered in other localities, as in the valley of the Endrick, about four miles from Loch Lomond, where an antler was found associated with marine shells, near the bottom of a bed of blue clay, and _close to the underlying rock_--the blue clay being covered with twelve feet of tough, stony clay."[2] Professor Winchell says