[291] Statements taken before the Committee on Interstate Commerce of the U. S. Senate with respect to the Transportation Interests of the U. S. and Canada. Washington, 1890, p. 616. _Cf._ chap. X, p. 363, _infra_; also the Wichita cases, in chap. VII, p. 232, _supra_. [292] _Ibid._, p. 631. [293] Senate (Elkins) Committee, 1905, II, p. 1706. [294] Quoted from Acworth, 55th Cong., 1st sess., Sen. doc. 39, p. 33. [295] _Newlands v. Nor. Pac. R. R. Co._; 6 Int. Com. Rep., 131. [296] _Cf._ the case of the C. H. & D. R. R. on p. 271, _supra_. [297] Record, Illinois Railroad Commission, concerning Reasonable Maximum Rates, 1905, p. 165. [298] _Cf._ p. 287, _infra_. [299] 10 I.C.C. Rep., 29. [300] _Boston Transcript_, Oct. 14, 1905. [301] 8 Int. Com. Rep., 346; reprinted in our Railway Problems, chap. XI. [302] Senate (Elkins) Committee, 1905, IV, p. 2850. [303] President Ramsey of the Wabash; Senate (Elkins) Committee, 1905, III, p. 1971. [304] Windom Committee, II, p. 796. [305] P. 78, _supra_. [306] Senate (Elkins) Committee, 1905, III, p. 2008. [307] Senate (Elkins) Committee, 1905, IV, p. 3115. [308] _Idem_, II, p. 976. [309] Specifically described in Senate (Elkins) Committee, 1905, II, p. 923. [310] 7 Int. Com. Rep., 458; reprinted in our Railway Problems, chap. XII. [311] "Practically it may be declared that the public, considered as distinct from railway owners, must pay for all the transportation which it receives." ... H. T. Newcomb in _Pubs. Am. Stat. Ass._, N. S. Nr. 34, p. 71. [312] Agreements for a scale of cross freights by wholesalers' or jobbers' associations as in Ohio for groceries or hardware are equally effective. [313] 7 Int. Com. Rep., 458; in our Railway Problems, chap. XII. [314] This problem is involved in the Youngstown-Pittsburg case already mentioned. In the original Louisville and Nashville decision the Commission apparently preferred to encourage competition even at the risk of its being roundabout and "illegitimate." But after the railway attorneys expanded the "rare and peculiar" cases to cover all kinds of competition, the Commission apparently regretted its earlier position. _Cf._ 1 I.C.C. Rep., 82; 5 _Idem_, 389; and especially the brief of Ed. Baxter, Esq., in the Alabama Midland case, U. S. Supreme Court, Oct. term, 1896, No. 563, p. 118. CHAPTER IX FREIGHT CLASSIFICATION[315]