No attempt at an exhaustive historical account is herein attempted. Except as specially noted, the main reliance has been placed upon the following standard works:-- Bogart, E. L. The Economic History of the United States, 1908. Callender, G. S. Selections from the Economic History of the United States, 1765-1860, 1909. Cleveland, F. A. (and Powell). Railroad Promotion and Capitalization in the United States, 1909. Coman, K. Industrial History of the United States, 1909. Gephart, W. F. Transportation and Industrial Development in the Middle West. Columbia University Studies, XXXIV, 1909. (Fine bibliography.) McMaster, J. B. History of the People of the United States, 7 vols, 1883-1910. Phillips, U. B. The History of Transportation in the Eastern Cotton Belt, 1908. Poor, H. V. History of Railroads and Canals in the United States. 1860. Ringwalt, J. L. The Development of Transportation Systems in the United States. 1888. Tanner, H. S. Railways and Canals in the United States. 1840. Many other authorities, such as the Annual Reports upon Internal Commerce (since 1876) have been consulted. The admirable Catalogue of Books on Railway Economics, 1912, gives an exhaustive list. Many special contributions to the forthcoming Carnegie Institution Economic History of the United States have also been utilized. An admirable description in detail of early conditions in the West is reprinted in our Railway Problems, new edition, chap. II. FOOTNOTES: [1] For authorities, see note at end of chapter. [2] F. H. Dixon, Traffic History of the Mississippi river, prepared for the National Waterways Commission, 1909, is best on this. [3] U. B. Phillips, A History of Transportation in the Eastern Cotton Belt to 1860, 1908, is a standard authority in this field. [4] U. S. Report on Internal Commerce, 1880, p. 72 _et seq._ [5] H. G. Pearson, An American Railroad Builder, John M. Forbes, 1911, for this field. [6] _Yale Review_, 1906, pp. 259-282. [7] Dixon, _op. cit._ [8] _Cf._, p. 36, _infra_. [9] E. D. Fite, Social and Industrial Conditions at the North during the Civil War, 1910, pp. 42-77. [10] _Railway Age Gazette_, 1912, p. 125, reprints statistics since 1840 of all sorts concerning rails. [11] U. S. Reports Internal Commerce, 1876, App. 31. [12] Pp. 361 and 404, _infra_. [13] P. 404, _infra_. [14] Pooling is discussed in vol. II. [15] Chapter X, _infra_. [16] Report of Committee on Canals of New York State, 1899, gives elaborate statistical data. Cf. especially table 14. Also Rep. U. S. Internal Commerce, 1881, p. 179, and 1884, p. 5. [17] U. S. Reports on Internal Commerce, 1876, App. p. 29. [18] More fully treated in the chapters on speculation and finance in the second volume. [19] _Cf._ the diagram on p. 21, _supra_.