_Annual ceremony_, authorities on: Adams, 118-122; Indian comments, 111-115; Penn, 115-116; Zeisberger, 116-118; Bear ceremony resembling, 171; carved faces in, 31; chant of Pokiteʹhemun at, 67-69; chants of visions at, 66, 73-76, 195; compared with Minsi ceremony, 127-145; Four winds in ritual of, 26; native name for, 109; penalties of omitting, 113-116; rites of Mask in, 36, 146, 151; thanks given to Earth in, 29; Unami rites of, 81-111; variants of, 122-126; worship of Great Spirit in, 19; worship of Mask Being in, 35. See _Minsi_ _Anthony, Michael_, acknowledgment to, 14, 139 _Ants_ as guardian spirits, 78 _Arapaho_, Ghost dance of, 191 _Arrow_, ceremonial use of, at Peyote rite, 187-188; arrows of Thunder Beings, 29 _Ashes_, ceremonial removal of, 101, 131-132; prevention of disease by, 160 _Aⁿsiptaʹgŭn_ or paint-dish of bark, 105 _A‛ʹtcigamuʹLtiⁿ_, native name for Otter ceremony, 176. See _Otter ceremony_ _Attendants_, at Annual ceremony, 84-85, 87-88, 96-97, 103, 105-111, 117-118, 120; at Bear ceremony, 172-173; at Feast of first fruits, 144; at Minsi ceremony, 132-133, 137; at Otter ceremony, 179; at Peyote rite, 188. See _Aʹckas_ _Axe_, Tornado threatened with, 47 _Bad luck_, caused by neglect of rites, 113-116 _Bag_, full of snakes, 35, 153; mask worn in, 42; of Mask impersonator, 34; of tobacco offered: to bear, 172; to otter, 177 _Bark_, boiled for making dyes, 141; ceremonial bowls and spoons of, 131, 137; ceremonial paint-dish of, 105-106; first Big House of, 148; roof of Big House of, 83 _Beads_ of wampum, as invitation to dance, 142-143; payment in, 110-111, 135; used in Minsi ceremony, 141-143. See _Wampum_ _Beans_, offering of, 144; thanks to, 134; wampum string symbolizing, 141-142 _Bear_, abundance of, in Happy Hunting Ground, 58; ceremony of, 171-176, 199; fat of, burned, 117-118, 134; flesh of, offered to Corn Goddess, 44; hair of Mask Being like, 33; head of, fastened to mask of Mask impersonator, 34; provision of, for feast, 117 _Bearskin_, bag of Mask impersonator, 34, 155; cap of Mask impersonator, 42; coat of Mask impersonator, 41; dress of Mask impersonator, 56, 152-153; leggings of Mask impersonator, 34, 41; worn by members of Mask society, 159 “_Beautiful town_” or Heaven, 56-57. See _Happy Hunting Ground_ _Belief_: in Doll Being, 162-171; in dream or vision, 61-80; in Great Spirit, 18-24, 88-92, 192-193; in immortality, 52-60, 195-196; in supernatural beings, 17-51 _Bergen_, New Jersey, information from Indians at, 20 _Big-Deer_, Naniʹtis given up by, 170-171