[7] J. J. Honegger, _Allgemeine Culturgeschichte_, Bd. i., s. 332. “Similar conceptions,” observes Professor Bastian, “repeat themselves, under fixed laws, in localities wide apart, in ages far remote.”—_Grundzüge der Ethnologie_, p. 73. [8] E. M. Curr, _The Australian Race_, vol. i., p. 50. [9] W. P. Clark, U. S. A., _Indian Sign Language_, p. 241. [10] This subject is fully discussed by Flügel, _Zeit. für. Völkerpsychologie_, Bd. xi.; by Prof. James Sully in his _Studies of Childhood_; and by Dr. Friedmann, _Centralblatt für Anthropologie_, Bd. i. The last mentioned argues that the mind of the savage has more points of resemblance to the insane than to the child mind. The higher emotional susceptibility of savages can be illustrated by abundant examples. [11] _Ethnography and Philology of the United States Exploring Expedition_, p. 108. [12] The case was not exceptional. Among several tribes it was an established custom for a mother to kill and eat her first child, as it was believed to strengthen her for later births. See examples in _Zeitschrift für Völkerpsychologie_, Bd. xiv., pp. 460, _sq._ [13] Palmer in _Jour. Anthrop. Inst._, vol. xiii., pp. 294, 399. [14] Professor Sayce believes that the Sumerian of ancient Babylonia was genderless; and that the local gods were first endowed with sex on being adopted by the Semites.—_Hibbert Lectures_, p. 176. [15] Cuoq, _Lexique Algonquine_, p. 21, note. [16] _The Golden Bough_, Preface. [17] Ed. Clodd, _Myths and Dreams_, p. 168. [18] Besides the general works on Egyptian religion, I may note R. Pietschmann, “Aegypt. Fetischdienst und Götterglaube,” in _Zeitschrift für Ethnologie_, Bd. x., s. 153, _sq._ He points out that there was no unity in the ancient cults of Egypt, as the gods were those of the nomes only. The worship of Osiris did not prevail generally till after the sixth dynasty (p. 165). [19] Some have explained superstition as “degenerate religion”; others as “religious error”; others (Pfleiderer) as “a pathological condition of normal belief”; but all such definitions depend on the view-point. As Roskoff remarks: “The man who is plunged in superstition is sure to hold it for the only true faith, and is contented with it so long as he is not troubled with doubts.”—_Das Religionswesen der Naturvölker_, p. 17. [20] See T. Rhys Davids, _Indian Buddhism_, p. 29 (Hibbert Lectures), and in the first volume of the present series of lectures. [21] Death was to the Roman the _somnum eternale_. Prof. Sayce remarks of the ancient Chaldeans that they had no definite belief in an after life.—_Hibbert Lectures_, p. 358. [22] The question has been carefully examined by G. Roskoff in his work _Das Religionswesen der Rohesten Naturvölker_ (Leipzig, 1880). He conclusively refutes the assertions that tribes have been encountered without religion. [23] Calloway, _Religious System of the Amazulus_, p. 113. [24] Rev. W. Y. Turner in _Jour. Anthrop. Institute_, vol. vii., p. 492.