Other writers believe that glass was in more general use in the ancient
than in comparatively modern times, and affirm that among the Egyptians
it was used even as material for coffins. It is certainly true that so
well did the Egyptians understand the art, that they excelled in the
imitation of precious stones, and were well acquainted with the
metallic oxides used in coloring glass; and the specimens of their
skill, still preserved in the British Museum and in private
collections, prove the great skill and ingenuity of their workmen in
mosaic similar in appearance to the modern paper-weights. Among the
specimens of Egyptian glass still existing is a fragment representing a
lion in bas-relief, well executed and anatomically correct. Other
specimens are found inscribed with Arabic characters.
All writers agree that the glass-houses in Alexandria, in Egypt, were
highly celebrated for the ingenuity and skill of their workmen, and the
extent of their manufactures.
Strabo relates that the Emperor Hadrian received from an Egyptian
priest a number of glass cups in mosaic, sparkling with every color,
and deemed of such rare value that they were used only on great
festivals.
The tombs at Thebes, the ruins of Pompeii and Herculaneum, and the
remains of the villa of the Emperor Tiberius, go not only incidentally
to establish the antiquity of the art, but also prove the exquisite
taste and skill of the artists of their various periods.
The first glass-houses, well authenticated, were erected in the city of
Tyre. Modern writers upon the subject generally refer to Pliny in
establishing the fact that the Phoenicians were the inventors of the
art of glass-making. The tradition is that the art was originally
brought to light under the following circumstances. A vessel being
driven by a storm to take shelter at the mouth of the river Belus, the
crew were obliged to remain there some length of time. In the process
of cooking, a fire was made upon the ground, whereon was abundance of
the herb "kale." That plant burning to ashes, the saline properties
became incorporated with the sand. This causing vitrification, the
compound now called glass was the result. The fact becoming known, the
inhabitants of Tyre and Sidon essayed the work, and brought the new
invention into practical use. This is the tradition: but modern science
demonstrates the false philosophy, if not the incorrectness, of Pliny's
account; and modern manufacturers will readily detect the error, from
the impossibility of melting silex and soda by the heat necessary for
the ordinary boiling purposes.
It is a well-authenticated fact, however, that there were whole streets
in Tyre entirely occupied by glass-works; and history makes no mention
of any works of this character at an earlier period than the time
mentioned by Pliny.
Public-domain text, read in full here on John Shaqi.
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