Condition of the Universities in Italy -- Bologna -- High Schools founded from it -- Naples under Frederick II. -- Under the House of Anjou -- Ferrara -- Piacenza -- Perugia -- Rome -- Pisa -- Florence -- Imperial and Papal Charters -- Foreign Students -- Professorial Staff -- Subjects taught in the High Schools -- Place assigned to Humanism -- Pay of the Professors of Eloquence -- Francesco Filelfo -- The Humanists less powerful at the Universities -- Method of Humanistic Teaching -- The Book Market before Printing -- Mediæval Libraries -- Cost of Manuscripts -- _Stationarii_ and _Peciarii_ -- Negligence of Copyists -- Discovery of Classical Codices -- Boccaccio at Monte Cassino -- Poggio at Constance -- Convent of S. Gallen -- Bruni's Letter to Poggio -- Manuscripts discovered by Poggio -- Nicholas of Treves -- Collection of Greek Manuscripts -- Aurispa, Filelfo, and Guarino -- The Ruins of Rome -- Their Influence on Humanism -- Dante and Villani -- Rienzi -- His Idealistic Patriotism -- Vanity -- Political Incompetence -- Petrarch's Relations with Rienzi -- Injury to Monuments in Rome -- Poggio's Roman Topography -- Sentimental Feeling for the Ruins of Antiquity -- Ciriac of Ancona. Having so far traced the quickening of a new sense for antiquity among the Italians, it will be well at this point to consider the external resources of Humanism before continuing the history of the Revival in the fifteenth century. The condition of the universities, the state of the book trade before the invention of printing, and the discovery of manuscripts claim separate attention; nor may it be out of place to inquire what stimulus the enthusiasm for classical studies received from the ruins of Rome. A review of these topics will help to explain the circumstances under which the pioneers of culture had to labour, and the nature of the crusade they instituted against ignorance in every part of Europe.