The oldest and most frequented university in Italy, that of Bologna, is represented as having flourished in the twelfth century.[73] Its prosperity in early times depended greatly on the personal conduct of the principal professors, who, when they were not satisfied with their entertainment, were in the habit of seceding with their pupils to other cities. Thus high schools were opened from time to time in Modena, Reggio, and elsewhere by teachers who broke the oaths that bound them to reside in Bologna, and fixed their centre of education in a rival town. To make such temporary changes was not difficult in an age when what we have to call an university, consisted of masters and scholars, without college buildings, without libraries, without endowments, and without scientific apparatus. The technical name for such institutions seems to have been _studium scholarium_, Italianised into _studio_ or _studio pubblico_.[74] Among the more permanent results of these secessions may be mentioned the establishment of the high school at Vicenza by translation from Bologna in 1204, and the opening of a school at Arezzo under similar circumstances in 1215; the great University of Padua first saw the light in consequence of political discords forcing the professors to quit Bologna for a season.[75] [Footnote 73: Tiraboschi, _Storia della Letteratura Italiana_, vol. iv. p. 42 _et seq._, vol. v. p. 60 _et seq._ Large quarto, Modena, 1787.] [Footnote 74: See Muratori, vol. viii. 15, 75, 372. Matteo Villani, lib. i. cap. 8.] [Footnote 75: 'Hoc anno translatum est Studium Scholarium de Bononiâ Paduam.' Mur. viii. 372.]