ITALY: its political conditions in 1494, i. 2 _sqq._; the five members of its federation, 3; how the federation was broken up, 11; the League between Clement VII. and Charles V., 31; review of the settlement of Italy effected by Emperor and Pope, 45 _sqq._; extinction of republics, 47; economical and social condition of the Italians under Spanish hegemony, 48; intellectual life, 51; predominance of Spain and Rome, 53 _sqq._; Italian servitude, 58; the evils of Spanish rule, 59 _sqq._; seven Spanish devils in Italy, 61; changes wrought by the Counter-Reformation, 64 _sqq._; criticism and formalism, 65; transition from the Renaissance to the Catholic Revival, _ib._; attitude of Italians towards the German Reformation, 71. J JESUITS, Order of: its importance in the Counter-Reformation, i. 229; the Diacatholicon, 231; works on the history of the Order, 231 _n._; sketch of the life of Ignatius Loyola, 231 _sqq._; the first foundation of the _Exercitia_, 236; Peter Faber and Francis Xavier, 239; the vows taken by Ignatius and his neophytes at Paris, 240; their proposed mission to the Holy Land, 241; their visits to Venice and Rome, 242 _sq._; the name of the Order, 244; negotiations in Rome, 245; the fourth vow, 246; the constitutions approved by Paul III., 247; the Directorium of Lainez, 249; the original limit of the number of members, _ib._; Loyola's administration, 250; asceticism deprecated, 251; worldly wisdom of the founder, 253; rapid spread of the Order, 254; the Collegium Romanum, 255; Collegium Germanicum, _ib._; the Order deemed rivals by the Dominicans in Spain, _ib._; successes in Portugal, 256; difficulties in France, 257; in the Low Countries, _ib._; in Bavaria and Austria, 258; Loyola's dictatorship, 259; his adroitness in managing distinguished members of his Order, 260; statistics of the Jesuits at Loyola's death, _ib._; the autocracy of the General, 261; Jesuit precepts on obedience, 263 _sq._; addiction to Catholicism, 266; the spiritual drill of the _Exercitia Spiritualia_, 267; materialistic imagination, 268; psychological adroitness of the method, 269; position and treatment of the novice, 270; the Jesuit Hierarchy, 271; the General, 272; five sworn spies to watch him, 273; a system of espionage through the Order, 274; position of a Jesuit, _ib._; the Black Pope, 275; the working of the Jesuit vow of poverty, 275 _sq._; revision of the Constitutions by Lainez, 277; the question about the _Monita Secreta_, 277 _sqq._; estimate of the historical importance of the Jesuits, 280 _sq._; their methods of mental tyranny, 281; Jesuitical education, 282; desire to gain the control of youth, 283; their general aim the aggrandizement of the Order, 284; treatment of _etudes fortes_, _ib._; admixture of falsehood and truth, 285; sham learning and sham art, 286; Jesuit morality, 287;