E. Left spermatic vein. F. Descending vena cava not distended with clot. G. Right renal vein. H. Aorta distended with plaster. I. Primitive iliac arteries. ] 3. _The kidneys._—In Eng, the body lying on the table E. R., C. L., the left kidney (Fig. 17, A) was 4 in. long, 1-1/2 wide at its hilus, and of the usual kidney shape. It lacked 1/2 in. of reaching the crest of the ilium. The renal vein (Fig. 17, C) of the same side measured 3 in. in length, and was decidedly oblique in position, its termination in the cava being below the level of the lower end of the kidney. The right kidney (Fig. 17, B) corresponded in position to the left kidney of Chang, that is to say, it was in the shallower portion of the abdomen, and in contact with the abdominal wall. It measured 4 in. in length, and 2-1/4 in. in width. Its inferior border lacked 2 in. of reaching the superior crest of the ilium. The renal vein ascended a little upward to enter the cava a little below the level of the upper end of the kidney. In Chang, the body lying in such a way that the great trochanter of the right side rested on the table, the left trochanter being raised three inches from the same plane, an obliquity was given to the trunk, and rendered the position of the abdominal organs somewhat anomalous. The left kidney (Fig. 18, A) lay with its lower half clearly within the iliac fossa, its inferior border answering to a point an inch and a half below the termination of the aorta. The organ lay, at its inner and inferior portion, upon the left primitive iliac vein; it measured 3-3/4 in. in length, and 2-7/12 in. in width at its widest part. It was larger below, where it retained the usual appearance, but was somewhat abruptly pointed above, and was marked by the characteristic notch on its inner side. The renal vein (Fig. 18, C) was very obliquely situated, indeed was almost parallel with the cava, and was 3-1/2 in. long. The termination of the renal vein answered to a line running across the abdomen lying fully 1 in. above the upper end of the left kidney. [Illustration Figure 18: Fig. 18. Kidneys of Chang. A. Left kidney. B. Right kidney. C. Left renal vein. D. Right renal vein. E. Left spermatic vein. F. Aorta filled with plaster. G. Primitive iliac veins. H. Descending cava distended with clot. I. Left supra-renal vein. ] The right kidney (Fig. 18, B) was normally situated. It measured 4 in. in length, and 1-1/2 in. in width at its centre, and presented the usual reniform appearance. Its inferior edge just reached an eminence answering to the superior crest of the ilium.