In each body, therefore, an incision six inches long (Fig. 2, _ab_, _cd_) was extended from the centre of the right iliac region to the centre of the right hypochondriac region. This was subsequently joined by an oblique incision passing from the upper end of the first mentioned to the lateral border of the ensiform cartilage at its base. This incision measured 7-1/2 in. The lower end of the vertical incision was met by a horizontal one passing to the centre of the hypogastric region, and measuring 3-1/4 in. Through these incisions were studied (1) the _umbilical ligaments_ and (2) _the abdominal viscera_. 1. _The umbilical ligaments._[2]—By turning forward the anterior flap in Eng as far as possible, the peritoneal lining was exhibited, and there was brought into view a structure beginning at the summit of the bladder, and which, ascending the abdominal wall and passing obliquely to the right side, could be traced clearly to the scar-like tissue marking the remains of the umbilical structures situated upon the anterior abdominal wall within about 1-1/2 in. of the band. This structure was the umbilical ligament (Fig. 4, A). It was loaded with fat, and, as it terminated at the scar, distinct lobules of fat (several of which were pedunculated) were abundantly deposited. The bladder was distended and raised 5 in. above the pubis. ----- Footnote 2: The folds of peritoneum containing remains of the hypogastric arteries will be called throughout by the name of _the umbilical ligaments_. ----- [Illustration Figure 4: Fig. 4. The umbilical ligament in Eng. A. The umbilical ligament. B. The lobule of fat at position of the normal umbilicus. ] In Chang (Fig. 5), the same appearances were seen as those above given, save that no fat was deposited in the umbilical ligament. On the contrary, it resembled the omentum of an emaciated subject. When stretched, the fold was fully an inch wide, quite transparent, and marked by two longitudinal bands, which recalled the shapes of the obliterated vessels. But two rather small sessile fatty appendages were seen at the scar. The bladder was empty, contracted, and lay within the true pelvis. [Illustration Figure 5: Fig. 5. The umbilical ligament in Chang. A. The umbilical ligament. B. The lobule of fat at position of the normal umbilicus. ] In both Chang and Eng an isolated mass of subperitoneal fat, presenting a sub-circular form, and measuring 1 in. in diameter, was found in the position of the normal umbilicus (Figs. 4 and 5).