Prevalence of disease no evidence of the pressure of population on food 177 Variations of the proportion of deaths and births in different districts of the same town 178 Proportion of births to the population greatest where there is the greatest mortality 179 Proof that pestilence or excessive mortality does not diminish population 182 Numbers merely not the test of strength or prosperity of a community 185 Deterioration of the strength of the population by disease without diminishing its numbers 185 Increase of food or production concurrently with the increase of population 188 V. PECUNIARY BURDENS CREATED BY THE NEGLECT OF SANITARY MEASURES:— 188 Cost of remedies for sickness and of mortality which is preventible 188 Average ages of death of the heads of families of widows and orphans chargeable to the Manchester, Whitechapel, Bethnal Green, Strand, Oakham and Uppingham, Alston with Garrigill, and Bath unions 190 Table of the number of widows and dependent orphans chargeable in eight unions 191 Table of the chief cause of death producing widowhood and orphanage in eight unions 192 Detailed instances of the causes of widowhood and orphanage in Alston with Garrigill 193 Examples of the sanitary effects of superior care in the residences and the places of work of labourers—in the Reeth union, North York, 196; in Gwennap, Illogan, and Camborne, Cornwall, 198; in Great Bradford and Horton, West York 199 Comparison of a young population under favourable and a mature population under unfavourable circumstances 200 Effects of noxious physical agencies on the moral and intellectual condition of the working classes 202 Jurisprudential measures for the prevention of deaths from accidents 203 Cost of disease as compared with cost of prevention, instances of in Glasgow and Dundee 206 VI. EVIDENCE OF THE EFFECTS OF PREVENTIVE MEASURES IN RAISING THE STANDARD OF HEALTH AND THE CHANCES OF LIFE:— 211