[630] Cf. _ib._, the collection of French names of the Devil; and similar collections in Gosche's _Jahrbuch_, I.; Osborn, _Teufelslitteratur_, 16. The English Devil is still waiting for his Historian! [631] Cf. _Towneley Myst._ (_Juditium_, p. 310, etc.): Tutivillus (to the Primus Dæmon):-- I was youre chefe tollare And sitten courte rollar Now am I master Lollar &c. Gower, too, knows Titivillus; _Vox Clamantis_, 232:-- _Hic est confessor Domini, sed nec Dominarum, Qui magis est blandus, quam Titivillus eis._ [632] There could not be a connection with: _Titimallus_--Titan (Joh. de Janua). [633] Freund's _Dict._ quotes it from Plautus, _Casin_ 2, 5, 39: _Non ego istud verbum empsitem titivillitio_. The learned Ben Jonson knew the word (_Silent Woman_, 4, 1):-- Wife! buz? titivilitium There's no such thing in nature! [634] _Inhumatio defuncti_, 1, 142; cf. also his 'dissertation' on the order of the Burial, _ib._ CCXCIII. [635] Ed. _Surtees Soc._ 1875, p. 60; cf. _ib._, _Commendatio Animarum_ 56*; _De Modo Dicendi Exsequias defunctorum ad usum Sarum_ 80*. [636] Chapter _De Exequiis_; _Officium Defunctorum_. [637] Cf. _ib._, _cerei qui cum cruce et thuribulo de more ... portabantur accensi_; unto the holy candle commit we our souls at our last departing, Tindale, _Works_, 1, 225; _ib._ 48; 3, 140, etc.; on the wax candle and driving the Devil away, cf. Latimer, _Sermons_, 27 (499). The reformers were as much against the candles as against the bells, and other 'popish superstitions'; cf. Grindal's _Visitation Book_ (1551-52), §§ 40, 46, etc. [638] Cf. Brand's _Pop. Ant._ 2, 220. [639] Cf. _Durandus Rationale_, Lib. I. fol. 9 (_De Campanis_): "Uerum aliquo moriente campanæ debent pulsari ut populus hoc audiens oret pro illo; pro muliere quidem bis ... pro viro vero ter pulsatur," etc. The superstitious background was that the bells were believed to drive away evil spirits. Cf. _ib._, "campanæ pulsantur ut demones timentes fugiant ... hæc etiam est causa quare ecclesia videns concitari tempestates campanas pulsat ut demones tubas eterni regis _id est_ campanas audientes territi fugiant et a tempestatis concitatione quiescant et ut campanæ pulsationes fideles admoneant et prouocent pro instanti periculo orationi insistere," and Brand's _Pop. Ant._ 2, 202. [640] bells ... with such other vanities, Tindale, 3, 258; ape's play, _ib._ 283, etc. [641] Grindal, _Works_, 136. [642] 3, 362; Injunctions at York, 1571, 8; Articles at Canterbury, 1576, 9. [643] Collier, _Hist. Dram. Poetry_, 2, 459, thinks the whole epilogue is 'sung.' _William Stevenson_ GAMMER GURTONS NEDLE _Edited with Critical Essay and Notes by Henry Bradley, Hon. M.A., Oxford_ CRITICAL ESSAY