=205. Manner of use.= In listing a quadrat, i. e., counting the individuals of each species, the plan followed is to list the smaller, less conspicuous plants first, since they are apt to be tramped down. As a rule, the outside tapes and the taller species afford sufficient landmarks. When this is not the case, the measure tape is used, and the individuals of all species are checked as they are found, while in the first method one species, rarely two, is taken at a time. In cases of peculiar difficulty, it may be permissible to pull or break plants as they are counted, but ordinarily this can and should be avoided. Clusters, and bunches of stems from the same root are counted as single plants, and the number of stems indicated by an exponent. In the case of bunch grasses, each bunch counts as one plant. =206. Table of abundance.= The species are arranged in the final list in the order of their numerical importance, and are divided into groups which correspond to the different degrees of abundance. The latter are arranged in two series, based upon the fact that association is by groups or by individuals. The table of abundance, based upon a 2–meter quadrat rather than upon the 5–meter one, by means of which the earlier results were obtained, is as follows: Social exclusive, no other species of vascular plants present social inclusive, above 100 gr^1 gregarious^1 100–50 copious^1 cop^1 gr^2 gregarious^2 50–25 copious^2 cop^2 gr^3 gregarious^3 25–10 copious^3 cop^3 sg subgregarious 10–5 subcopious sc vg vixgregarious 5–1 sparse sp