During the Hundred Years' War the city was fiercely disputed. On December 4th, 1359, Edward III. of England besieged it. On January 11th, 1360, a sortie of the troops and burghers, under Remi Grammaire, compelled him to raise the siege, in recognition of which feat of arms Charles V. permitted the "_fleur-de-lys_" (emblem of the Royal House of France) to be emblazoned on the City's coat of arms. Since then the Shield of Rheims has been: In chief France ancient, in base argent Two, laurel branches in Saltire vert. In 1420 the English were more successful and entered Rheims, whose gates were opened to them by Philippe-le-Bon, Duke of Burgundy. Nine years later (July 16th, 1429) the Dauphin of France and Joan-of-Arc entered the town, then finally delivered, by the Dieu-Lumière Gate (formerly the Gate of St. Nicaise). During the invasion of 1814, Marshal Marmont's troops retook Rheims on March 13th, after sharp street fighting, and Napoleon entered the city the same night. In 1870, after the investment of Metz, Rheims witnessed the departure of the army formed by MacMahon at Châlons-sur-Marne, for the relief of Marshal Bazaine. A few days later (September 4th) the Prussian troops entered the city at 3 o'clock in the afternoon by three different gates. On the 6th, the King of Prussia, accompanied by Bismarck and Von Moltke, made an imposing entry, and resided for some time at the archi-episcopal palace, in the apartments reserved for the Kings of France at the time of their consecration. Rheims was held to ransom, and a number of citizens shot for protesting against the German yoke, chief among whom was the Abbé Miroy, Curé of Cuchery, whose tomb (the work of the sculptor Saint Marceaux) is in the northern cemetery. Others were carried away prisoners to Germany. The Prussian troops evacuated the town on November 20th, 1872. =The Invasion of 1914= (_See map, p. 11._) Forty-four years later to a day (September 4, 1914), German advance troops again entered Rheims, as General Joffre's plans had not provided for defending the city. However, the Army detachments placed under the command of General Foch on August 29, and wedged in between the 4th and 5th Armies, stayed the German advance for a few days. On August 30 the 42nd Division from the East, detrained at Rheims and took up positions at Sault-Saint-Rémy and Saint-Loup-en-Champagne on August 31, to the left of the 9th and 11th Corps.