Richard III: His Life & Character, Reviewed in the Light of Recent Research — John Shaqi
Richard III: His Life & Character, Reviewed in the Light of Recent ResearchMarkham, Clements R. (Clements Robert), Sir
History
Richard III: His Life & Character, Reviewed in the Light of Recent Research
Markham, Clements R. (Clements Robert), Sir
Great Britain -- Kings and rulers -- Biography; Richard III, King of England, 1452-1485
When the morning of Easter Sunday, April 14, at length dawned there was
a dense fog, so that the two armies could barely distinguish each
other. At half-past four the King advanced his standards, and sounded
his trumpets for battle. There were flights of arrows, and then the
opposing forces closed and encountered each other with hand strokes, in
the thick mist. For a long time it was impossible for the leaders to
know what was taking place in different parts of the field. Oxford
found little to oppose him. He charged the {50} followers of Lord
Hastings and easily routed them, continuing the chase beyond Barnet.
Then he returned to reinforce the main body; but here a fatal mistake
occurred. The cognizance of King Edward was the sun in splendour,
adopted after seeing the parhelion at Mortimer's Cross. The cognizance
of the Veres was a star with rays.[12] When the soldiers of Warwick's
centre, under Somerset, saw a fresh body of men approaching under the
banner of the star, they mistook it for the King's cognizance and
thought they were attacked in flank. A cry of treason ran through
their ranks. Up to this time they had stubbornly resisted the
onslaughts of King Edward and his men, but now they broke and fled.
Somerset and Vere rode away with their men, and made good their escape.
Meanwhile the Duke of Gloucester had led his troops to a furious attack
on the enemy's left wing which was commanded by Warwick in person. The
Duke himself plunged into the thickest of the fight. His two esquires,
John Milwater[13] and Thomas Parr, were slain by his side. At the
moment when the fate of the battle was still uncertain, and when the
King heard that his young brother was hard pressed, the reserves were
brought into action, just as Somerset's division began to waver.
Victory then ceased to be {51} doubtful, and soon there was complete
rout all along the rebel line. The Earl of Warwick and his brother
Montagu fell either in the battle or in attempting to escape. The
accounts vary. Though enemies and traitors to the royal brothers, they
were cousins, and had once been devoted friends. The King sincerely
mourned the death of Montagu, and the depth of Richard's sorrow is
proved by his subsequent intercession for Montagu's heirs. The bodies,
after being laid for two days in St. Paul's Cathedral, were honourably
interred in the burial place of their mother's family at Bisham. The
losses on the King's side included Lord Saye, who had shared Edward's
exile, Humphrey Bourchier Lord Cromwell,[14] another Sir Humphrey
Bourchier,[15] son of Lord Berners, and the son and heir of Lord
Mountjoy. The losses, on both sides, {52} amounted to about 1,500
men.[16] King Edward and the Duke of Gloucester returned to London the
same day, while their army rested for the night on the battlefield.
[1] _Rot. Parl._ vol. vi. p. 227. Halsted, i. 432.
[2] Sandford, p. 391.
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