Great Britain -- History -- Richard I, 1189-1199; Great Britain -- Kings and rulers -- Biography; Richard I, King of England, 1157-1199
The victims of this wholesale execution comprised the entire
Moslem garrison of Acre except a few persons of distinction who
were specially reserved for ransom. Richard himself stated the
number of the slain to be about two thousand six hundred.[734]
Bohadin, whose computation is doubtless that of the Moslem troops
who visited the place of slaughter next morning, says “more than
three thousand.”[735] This writer, whose narrative we have been
following, and who was Saladin’s confidential secretary and constant
companion, says that in this matter “the English king, seeing all
the delays interposed by the Sultan to the execution of the treaty,
acted perfidiously with regard to his Mussulman prisoners.” This
charge of perfidy is based upon a clause which occurs only in the
same writer’s account of the terms of the capitulation of Acre;
according to him, the garrison were thereby promised that in any
case their lives should be spared; if the Sultan failed to do his
part of the agreement, their fate was to be slavery.[736] The Frank
writers know nothing of this stipulation. Two of them distinctly
assert that the promise of life to the garrison was made conditional
on Saladin’s fulfilment of the bargain.[737] Another says they were
to go out free and unharmed if the agreement were carried out within
the term, but if not, they were to be at the mercy of the kings
for their limbs and lives.[738] The others simply speak of them as
hostages. If the Frankish version of this matter be the correct one,
then the persistent “delays interposed by the Sultan to the execution
of the treaty” had unquestionably, on the principles universally
recognised by both Franks and Saracens, rendered the lives of
these hostages legally forfeit at mid-day on August 20. Bohadin’s
admission about the “delays” is practically an acknowledgement
that they would have been so but for the special promise which he
alleges to have been made to these men. Even if that promise were
given, indeed, a feudal lawyer might have made out a case for
Richard and his colleagues in the war-council, on the plea that the
moment the garrison became legally slaves, they became, as such,
the absolute property of their masters, to be kept alive or slain
at their masters’ will; and a Mussulman lawyer might have had even
more difficulty than a Christian one in finding an answer to such
a plea. It is, however, quite possible that the treaty—drawn up as
it was, in haste, in two different languages, between parties who
could only hold communication through interpreters[739]—may have
been honestly understood by the Moslems in one sense and by the
Christians in another. As for Richard’s personal responsibility in
the matter, Bohadin certainly exaggerates it. The other princes of
the Crusade clearly concurred in the determination of the hostages’
fate.[740] The cruelty of such wholesale slaughter shocked neither
their moral sense nor that of their contemporaries; the chroniclers
Public-domain text, read in full here on John Shaqi.
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