Ritual and belief : $b Studies in the history of religionHartland, Edwin Sidney
Religion
Ritual and belief : $b Studies in the history of religion
Hartland, Edwin Sidney
Ethnopsychology; Magic; Religion; Rites and ceremonies
The condition of taboo occasioned by a death, it should be noted, is
by no means limited to the death of a human being. Among the ancient
Egyptians the Mendesians observed a great mourning on the death of a
goat; and more generally when a cat died by a natural death everyone
in the house shaved his eyebrows, while on the death of a dog the
whole head and body were shaved. Both these and other animals were
also accorded honours of burial in sacred tombs.[238.3] The native
tribes of Manipur lay a _genna_, or taboo, upon the inmates of a house
in which an animal dies or has young, especially a cow; and when a cat
dies it is wrapped up in a cloth and buried amid lamentations in a
grave dug for it by the old women.[238.4] To the Ibo-speaking peoples
of Nigeria the leopard is a quasi-sacred animal. At Aguku the hunter
who has killed it puts eagle-feathers in his hair and does no work for
twenty-eight days: that is to say, he is under a taboo for a whole
moon. At Ugwoba he may not go to {239} the Aǰana (the shrine of the
earth) for a year; he must sit down without working for twenty-eight
days, and may eat only such food as has been put in a pot and hung
over the fire; he sleeps in a good house, and people watch lest other
leopards come and kill him. On the twenty-eighth day, on taking the
skin to market, sacrifices are offered to a certain tree, which is
regarded as _ekwensu_, defined as the spirit of a man who has been
killed with a rope or a knife, or of a woman who has died in
pregnancy.[239.1] Such a death would be an evil death, and the ghost
would be naturally inclined to make others suffer in the same way; but
the sacrifices would perhaps conciliate him and induce him to turn his
attention to an effectual protection of the sacrificer against the
leopards’ vengeance.
Among the Herero of German South-West Africa to shed the blood of a
lion is the same as to shed that of a human being; and he who kills a
lion can only wash away the sin by the shedding of his own blood. This
is done by scoring his breast and arm with a flint and dropping some
of the blood upon the earth.[239.2] The Hidatsa of the North American
prairies, after hunting eagles, build a sweat-lodge and purify
themselves, singing a mystery-song or incantation.[239.3] The
practice, in fact, is widespread. In some instances it may be
explained by totemism or analogous beliefs. In any case there can be
no doubt it is dictated by similar motives to those that lead to the
taboo and mourning after the death of a human being.
Public-domain text, read in full here on John Shaqi.
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