[137.3] There are of course plenty of magical Greek texts, but they are much later. The papyri unearthed in such numbers during recent years contain many; and they often imply that the deity invoked is compelled to perform his votary’s wishes. He is addressed in terms of command, adjured by names of power and bidden to be quick about his work. Such spells, however, are not purely Greek. They are produced under foreign influence, and the gods or demons invoked bear alien names. The texts are frequently _defixiones_. Simaitha’s incantation in the second idyll of Theocritus, so far as it is addressed to the Moon, to Hecate or Artemis, is not couched in terms of command. The goddesses, if they grant the damsel’s desires, are accomplices who cannot plead _vis major_. Yet threats and insults to the gods were, it seems, sometimes made use of, probably in the hope of driving them by taunts to do what was wanted (see below, p. 190). The dividing line here is very thin. [139.1] Hodson, _Naga_, 139, 141; _cf._ 102, 164. [139.2] Parker, _Tales_, i. 97. [140.1] Brett, _Ind. Tribes_, 401. [140.2] _Anthropos_, viii. 3. For the belief in and cult of the Kaya, see _ibid._, iii. 1005; and of the Inal, _ibid._, v. 95. [140.3] Shakespear, _Lushai_, 109 (_cf._ 61). [141.1] W. G. Aston, _F. L._, xxiii. 187 _sq._ [141.2] Wiedemann, 227. On Thoth as magician and the words of power which he uttered and wrote down compare Budge, _Egypt. Magic_, 128 _sqq._ [142.1] Morris, _Heimskringla_, i. 18, 19. [143.1] Levit. xvi. 8. On the Scapegoat in general see Dr Frazer’s volume bearing that title. [144.1] Hose, ii. 29 note. [145.1] Hose, 56, 117. [146.1] Rivers, _Todas_, 257, 450. For an alternative translation of the third clause of the spell, see pp. 195, 271. For another form of the spell, see p. 259. [147.1] J. H. Weeks, _J. A. I._, xl. 377, 378. [148.1] J. H. Weeks, _J. A. I._, xl. 383. Surely in the face of these examples Mr Weeks’ statement--“Nor did we find any form of prayer among them, no worship and no sacrifices” (_ibid._, 376)--needs some qualification. As to the _mongoli_, see _ibid._, 368. [149.1] Werner, 56, 76. [151.1] A. M. Tozzer, _Putnam Vol._, 304. _Cf._ Matthews, _Navaho Leg._, 40. [151.2] Tozzer, _op. cit._, 303. On the rites and beliefs of the Dene, see Father Jetté, _J. A. I._, xxxvii. 157 _sqq._ [154.1] Exod. xxii. 18. [154.2] Deut. xviii. 9 _sqq._ [154.3] Num. v. 11 _sqq._ [155.1] Hos. iii. 4, 5. _Cf._ T. W. Davies, _Magic_, 36; and _Encyc. Bibl._, _s.v._ [159.1] Weeks 177. [161.1] Ælian, _Var. Hist._, xii. 23. Philo (_Dreams_, ii. 17) attributes the same practice to the Germans. [161.2] O’Grady, ii. 518. Professor Whitley Stokes also gives it, _F. L._, iv. 488, from an Edinburgh MS. I quote his translation, which is to the same effect as Mr O’Grady’s. [162.1] Skeat, _Magic_, 10.