[203.3] Malleolus, De Credul. Dæmon. adhibenda, _Malleus Maleficarum_ (Frankfurt, 1582), 428. See also Bodin, _De Magorum Dæmonomania_ (Frankfurt, 1603), ii. 7. By this time, however, there began to be sceptics. _Cf._ Wierus, _De Præstigiis Dæmonum_ (Basel, 1577), 358; Ulr. Molitor, De Pythonicis Mulieribus, _Malleus Mal._, 83. The extensive information possessed for many centuries by these learned men was not limited to the _incubus_. There were also corresponding female demons commonly known as _Succubi_, or _Lamiæ_, whose ravages were almost equally great. Awful tales were related by way of warning against their temptation. Compare the _putiana_ of the Moluccas, cited below. See also Lecky, _Rationalism_, i. 26 note. Among the ancient Assyrians and the modern Arabs the possibility of cohabitation by a man with a spirit or non-human supernatural being, who may even bear him children, was and is believed. But they are very jealous (_Encyc. Rel._, iv. 571; _F. L._, xi. 388). [204.1] Strausz, 454. [204.2] Bartels, quoting Wladimir Bugiel, _Zeit. des Vereins_, x. 121. Apparently the throwing of the poppy-seed imposed on the ghostly visitant the necessity of counting the grains before proceeding to his attack. See Andree, i. 81; Wilken, iii. 226 note, citing Mannhardt. [205.1] Scott goes on to refer to the old Scottish ballad of Sweet William’s Ghost, founded, like that of Bürger’s poem, on the same superstition. It is reprinted, with an account of the literature on the subject, in Child, _Ballads_, ii. 199 _sqq._, 226 _sqq._; v. 293, 294. [205.2] Black, 113. [208.1] Maurer, 111. [208.2] For example, the notable case of the foundress of a new and popular religion, who was said to be haunted after the manner of Herdis, to her great annoyance and terror. But even her deluded followers felt bound to draw the line somewhere, and they seem to have drawn it at this obsession. [209.1] _Daily Chronicle_, 17th February 1912. [210.1] Among the Ngoulango or Pakhalla of the Ivory Coast a widow carries a piece of fetish wood which has the power to cause death to anyone who, attempting to approach her, is touched with it (Clozel, 363). It is probably effectual also against the ghost. [210.2] _Globus_, lxxii. 22; lxxxi. 190. Compare a custom of the Minas of the Slave Coast, Frazer, _J. A. I._, xv. 85 note. The Kagoro of Northern Nigeria are also reported to believe in the possibility of sexual connection by ghosts with women (_J. A. I._, xlii. 159). Major Tremearne marks this belief as doubtful; but it accords with that of other peoples. The pungent smoke of red pepper is used in exorcisms by the Tigre of Abyssinia (Littmann, 310, 311).