The American version of the Hale rocket has two sets of gas nozzles. The major aperture on the base of the case allowed the propellant gases to escape. The smaller holes above the rocket’s midpoint are angled; the exhaust gases spin the projectile, stabilizing it during flight. Hale rocket designs were employed by both sides during the Civil War. [Illustration: 48. Hale rocket with canted nozzles for spin-stabilization.] The Congreve 14.5-kilogram (32-pound) war rocket model was copied from the original at the Royal Artillery Institution; the experimental Congreve incendiary rocket on display is a gift of that Institution. Hale’s 1844 design rocket, his 1862 experimental rocket, and the 1865 rocket are on loan from the Science Museum, London. The American Hale rocket is on loan from F. C. Durant III. American Rocket Society: Engines and Parts [Illustration: 49. Static test of liquid-fuel rocket engine on American Rocket Society Test Stand No. 2.] [Illustration: 50. Two early types of liquid-fuel, rocket motors. Left, the original ARS motor; right, a four-nozzle motor for ARS No. 4 rocket.] Thrust stud for fastening to rocket Blast chamber Fuel feed Oxygen feed Nozzle Water jacket Nozzles Thrust and fuel column attached to rocket Fuel feed Oxygen feed The American Rocket Society (ARS) was the first organization in the United States dedicated to rocket research. The society was founded in New York City in March 1930 by G. E. Pendray and David Laser. The first successful ARS rocket was launched on May 13, 1933. The group continued to build and test rocket engines until the outbreak of World War II. After 1945, the ARS became a professional society for engineers involved in astronautics. The ARS joined with other aeronautical engineering groups to form the American Institute of Aeronautics and Astronautics in 1963. The first liquid-propellant rocket engines built by the American Rocket Society were machined from blanks of heat-resistant, cast-aluminum alloy. Engine No. 1 powered the first two rockets designed and constructed by the ARS. It featured combustion chamber walls 12.7 millimeters (½ inch) thick and burned liquid oxygen and gasoline to produce a thrust of 27.22 kilograms (60 pounds). Liquid oxygen was pressurized by partial evaporation, while bottled nitrogen forced gasoline from the tank to the engine.