“The Council of Laodicea has two canons concerning the little habit called the _Orarium_, which was a scarf or tippet to be worn upon the shoulders; and might be used by bishops, presbyters, and deacons, but not by subdeacons, singers, or readers, who are expressly debarred the use of it in that council.—The first council of Braga speaks of the _tunica_ and the _orarium_ as both belonging to deacons. And the third council of Braga orders priests to wear the _orarium_ on both shoulders when they ministered at the altar. By which we learn that the _tunica_ or _surplice_ was common to all the clergy, the _orarium_ on the left shoulder proper to deacons, and on both shoulders the distinguishing badge of priests.—The fourth council of Toledo is most particular in these distinctions. For in one canon it says, that if a bishop, presbyter, or deacon, be unjustly degraded, and be found innocent by a synod, yet they shall not be what they were before, unless they receive the degrees they had lost from the hands of the bishops before the altar. If he be a bishop, he must receive his _orarium_, his ring, and his staff: if a presbyter, his _orarium_ and _planeta_: if a deacon, his _orarium_ and _alba_. And in another canon, that the deacon shall wear but one _orarium_, and that upon his left shoulder, wherewith he is to give the signal of prayers to the people. Where we may observe also the reason of the name _orarium_ in the ecclesiastical sense _ab orando_, from praying, though in common acceptation it signifies no more than an handkerchief to wipe the face, and so comes _ab ore_, in which signification it is sometimes used by St. Ambrose and St. Austin, as well as by the old Roman authors. But here we take it in the ecclesiastical sense for a sacred habit appropriated to bishops, priests, and deacons, in the solemnities of divine service, in which sense it appears to have been a habit distinct from that of civil and common use, by all the authorities that have been mentioned.”—_Bingham_, b. 13. c. 8. sect. 2. * * * * * _Nor wore he mitre here, Precious or auriphrygiate._—XVIII. p. 164.