Roentgen Rays and Phenomena of the Anode and Cathode.Thompson, Edward P. (Edward Pruden)
History
Roentgen Rays and Phenomena of the Anode and Cathode.
Thompson, Edward P. (Edward Pruden)
X-rays
Prof. William A. Anthony (see _Elect. Eng._, Apr. 3, ’96, p. 378) held
that the Le Conte experiment did not warrant Edison’s conclusion, for
the experiment of Le Conte showed comparatively sharp sound shadows; for
even at a distance of twelve feet there was no apparent penetration
within the geometrical boundary. He referred to Stine’s, § 110. Scribner
and M’Berty’s, § 111, as upholding rectilinear propagation. While he did
not explain what the Edison result was due to, yet he argued that the
cause was other than that ascribed by Edison. In this connection, the
author performed an experiment (_Elect. Eng._, Apr. 22, ’96, p. 409) to
substantiate that X-rays were propagated through such a high vacuum that
it was necessary to have electrodes within 1/8 of an inch of each other,
in order to obtain a discharge with a coil that gave 15 in. spark in
open air. The experiment consisted in casting the shadow of an
_uncharged_ tube upon the screen of a sciascope. The shadows of the wire
forming the electrodes within the vacuum were produced very sharply,
while the glass tube was faintly outlined. Inasmuch as the shadows of
objects _within_ the vacuum tube were obtained, therefore the X-rays
must have passed through the evacuated space. Sound and X-rays are
therefore dissimilar. The shadows were as sharp and as dark as those
made by similar wires in open air. In this connection, see also Lenard’s
experiment, § 72, showing that external cathode rays were also
transmitted by a vacuum in a “dead” tube. Roentgen’s experiment showed
that X-rays from a mass located entirely within the vacuum in the
discharge tube radiated X-rays into the outside atmosphere. § 91. This
experiment would hardly prove, however, that X-rays, after having been
liberated in open air, would pass through a second vacuum space, because
there may have been some X-rays, generated at the surface of the glass
in Roentgen’s experiment, struck by those rays which radiated from the
mass at the centre of the vacuum space. Did not Lenard and Roentgen
experiment with the same radiant energy? The author answers, yes. § 77.
134. PERMEABILITY OF DIFFERENT SUBSTANCES. Lenard § 68. determined the
permeability of several substances to cathode rays. Roentgen also the
same in regard to X-rays. § 82 and 83. Others have made comparisons.
From the sciagraph made by Edison, the following classification is made,
each sheet of material being about 1/32 inch thick. The most opaque were
coin silver, antimony, lead, platinum, bismuth, copper, brass, and iron,
which were about the same as one another. Slate, ivory, glacial
phosphoric acid shellacked, and gutta percha, were about the same as one
another and less than the above. Aluminum, tin, celluloid, hard rubber,
soft rubber, vulcanized fibre, paper, shellac, gelatine, phonographic
cylinder composition, asphalt, stearic acid, rosin, and albumen, were
about the same as one another and less than the above group, as to
permeability.
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