Roman Public LifeGreenidge, A. H. J. (Abel Hendy Jones)
History
Roman Public Life
Greenidge, A. H. J. (Abel Hendy Jones)
Constitutional history -- Rome; Rome -- Politics and government
When the discussion was over the _contio_ was dissolved. Those who had
no votes were dismissed from the enclosure;[1287] to those with votes
the magistrate said, “Si vobis videtur, discedite, quirites,”[1288]
thus asking them to divide up into their separate compartments, whether
tribes or curiae or centuries. The enclosure was deemed large enough to
hold all the privileged citizens, although where such a space could have
been found on the Capitol or in the Forum is one of the mysteries of
Roman topography. This enclosure was divided longitudinally into as many
compartments (_consaepta_) as there were voting divisions. Each division
was connected with the magistrate’s tribunal through a gallery (_pons_)
running the whole length of the enclosure, this high gallery being
connected with the various voting compartments by separate descending
_pontes_.
The votes in each compartment were taken singly, and were given at the
exits of the various _pontes_. During the greater part of Republican
history votes were given verbally, the tellers (_rogatores_) marking
them off on tablets by means of points (_puncta_).[1289] In legislation
the affirmative answer was _uti rogas_, the negative _antiquo_; in
jurisdiction acquittal and condemnation were pronounced by _libero_
and _damno_; in elections _dico_ and _facio_ seem to have been
employed.[1290] But in the latter half of the second century of the
Republic the ballot was introduced. The change was gradual. Secrecy
was first secured for elections by the _lex Gabinia_ of 139, and for
jurisdiction, with the exception of cases of treason (_perduellio_),
by the _lex Cassia_ of 137. The _lex Papiria_ of 131 extended the
principle to legislation, and finally the _lex Caelia_ of 107 admitted
it for cases of treason.[1291] In legislation and jurisdiction the old
formulae were retained, the tablets which were distributed being marked
V and A, or L and C. For the purpose of elections blank tablets were
distributed on which the voters wrote the names.[1292] The _tabellae_
were now thrown into an urn (_cista_) at the exit of each _pons_. The
reckoning of the votes (_diribitio_) was in the hands of tellers who were
sometimes called by the old name _rogatores_, but were also spoken of
as _diribitores_.[1293] The _cistae_ were watched by public _custodes_,
and in the case of elections the candidates were allowed to place one
guardian at each urn.[1294]
Public-domain text, read in full here on John Shaqi.
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