Roman Society from Nero to Marcus AureliusDill, Samuel
Philosophy
Roman Society from Nero to Marcus Aurelius
Dill, Samuel
Rome -- Religion; Rome -- Social life and customs
There is one class of colleges, however, which were undoubtedly formed to
meet various exigencies in the course of life, as well as to make a
provision for decent burial. These are the military clubs, on the objects
and constitution of which a flood of light has been thrown by the study of
the inscriptions in the great legionary camps of North Africa.(1559) A
passage of Vegetius shows us the provident arrangement made by government
for the future of the ordinary legionary.(1560) It is well known that, on
the accession of each new emperor, or on the occurrence of some
interesting event in the history of the prince’s family, or of some great
military success, and often without any particular justification, a
donative was distributed throughout the army. It sometimes reached a
considerable amount, ranging from the 25 _denarii_ granted by Vespasian,
to the 5000 of M. Aurelius.(1561) One half of this largess was by orders
set aside, and retained under the custody of the standard-bearers, to
provide a pension on the soldier’s retirement from the service. Another
fund, entirely different, was formed by the soldiers’ own contributions,
to furnish a decent burial for those who died on service. But the law
against the formation of colleges fell with peculiar severity on the
soldier.(1562) Not even for a religious purpose was he permitted to join
such a society. This prohibition, however, seems to have been relaxed in
the case of the officers, and some of the more highly skilled corps.(1563)
And we have among the inscriptions of Lambaesis a few instructive records
of these military colleges.(1564)
Lambaesis, as we have seen, was one of those camps which developed into a
regular municipality, after the recognition of soldiers’ marriages by
Septimius Severus. Henceforth the camp became only a place of drill and
exercise, and ceased to be the soldier’s home. And on the ground where the
soldiers’ huts used to stand, there are left the remains of a number of
buildings of the basilica shape, erected probably in the third century,
which were the club-houses of the officers of the Tertia Augusta. The
interior was adorned with statues of imperial personages, and on the wall
was inscribed the law of the college, commencing with an expression of
gratitude for the very liberal pay which enabled the college to make
provision for the future of its members.(1565) The provision was made in
various ways. An ambitious young officer was allowed a liberal viaticum
for a journey across the sea to seek promotion. If promotion came, he
received another grant to equip him. One half the amount granted in these
cases was mercifully paid to him in the unpleasant contingency of his
losing his grade. If he died on active service, his heir received a
payment on the larger scale. And, when a man, in due course, retired from
the army, he received the same sum under the name of _anularium_, which
has puzzled the antiquary.(1566)
Public-domain text, read in full here on John Shaqi.
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