[27] ‘cum elementa sint quattuor, ignis aquae aeris terrae, potestates pares his sunt, fervida frigida arida atque umida; eadem animalium hominumque discrimina sunt’ Sen. _Dial._ iv 19, 1 and 2; ‘cuius [in homine] elementi portio praevalebit, inde mores erunt’ _ib._ 2. [28] ‘languida ingenia et in somnum itura inertibus nectuntur elementis’ _ib._ i 5, 9. [29] ‘iracundos fervida animi natura faciet; frigidi mixtura timidos facit’ _ib._ iv 19, 2. [30] ‘quaecunque adtribuit condicio nascendi et corporis temperatura, haerebunt’ _Ep._ 11, 6. [31] For a treatment of the subject on modern lines see Ribot, _The emotions_, chs. xii and xiii; and the works of Fouillée, Paulhan, and other French writers. For the earlier history see Summers on Sen. _Ep._ 11, 3, and Stein _Psych._ i p. 175. [32] ψυχή ἐστι κατὰ τοὺς Στωϊκοὺς σῶμα λεπτομερὲς ἐξ ἑαυτοῦ κινούμενον κατὰ σπερματικοὺς λόγους Galen _def. med._ 29 (Arnim ii 780); ‘nosmetipsi qui animis movemur’ Cic. _N. D._ ii 22, 58; ‘humanus animus agilis est et pronus ad motus’ Sen. _Dial._ ix 2, 11. [33] μία ἡ τῆς ψυχῆς δύναμις, ὡς τὴν αὐτήν πως ἔχουσαν ποτὲ μὲν διανοεῖσθαι, ποτὲ δὲ ὀργίζεσθαι [qu. ὀρέγεσθαι?] ποτὲ δ’ ἐπιθυμεῖν παρὰ μέρος Alex. Aph. _de anima_ p. 118 (Arnim ii 823). [34] ‘huiusmodi autem non tam partes animae habebuntur quam vires et efficaciae et operae’ Tert. _de an._ 14. They may also be called the soul’s qualities: οἱ ἀπὸ Χρυσίππου καὶ Ζήνωνος φιλόσοφοι τὰς μὲν δυνάμεις ὡς ἐν τῷ ὑποκειμένῳ ποιότητας συμβιβάζουσι, τὴν δὲ ψυχὴν ὡς οὐσίαν προϋποκειμένην ταῖς δυνάμεσι τιθέασι Stob. i 49, 33. [35] See above, § 79; for other divisions Tert. _de an._ 14 (Arnim i 144), Cic. _Off._ i 28, 101, and generally Stein, _Psych._ i p. 123. [36] On this translation see § 101, note 81. [37] [ἀπὸ τοῦ ἡγεμονικοῦ] ταῦτα πάντα ἐπιτέταται διὰ τῶν οἰκείων ὀργάνων προσφερῶς ταῖς τοῦ πολύποδος πλεκτάναις Aët. _plac._ iv 4, 4. [38] Arnim ii 838. Since many philosophers think the mind seated in the head, Chrysippus collects many arguments to the contrary; for instance that women say, when they don’t agree with a statement, ‘it won’t go down,’ pointing all the while to the heart, Galen _plac. Hipp. et Plat._ iii 5, p. 323 K (Arnim ii 892). Further that καρδία is derived from κράτησις, the heart being the seat of government _ib._ (Arnim ii 896). He could support his view by thousands of quotations from the poets. On the other hand we find the suggestion that the principate resides in our spherical heads, as in a universe (Aët. _plac._ iv 21, 4). This latter view may be due to Academic influence (Schmekel, p. 259). [39] δυνάμεις μιᾶς οὐσίας ἐκ τῆς καρδίας ὁρμωμένης Galen _plac. Hipp. et Plat._ p. 51 K. [40] τὸ λογιστικὸν μόριον τῆς ψυχῆς, ὃ καὶ ἰδίως ἡγεμονικὸν καλεῖται Alex. Aphr. _de an._ p. 98, 24 (Arnim ii 839). In this direction Epictetus defines the rational faculty as ‘that which contemplates both itself and all other things’ _Disc._ i 1, 4.