[40] ‘They educate their children, beginning at five years old and going on till twenty, in three things only; in riding, in shooting, and in speaking the truth’ Herod. i 136. [41] See above, § 3. [42] Alexander had reached the river Hyphasis, the modern Bias. [43] Plutarch’s _Life of Alexander_, ch. lxiv (translation by Aubrey Stewart and George Long, London, 1892). [44] Mahāvagga i 6, 19 to 22, after H. Oldenberg, _Buddha_, p. 139, and the translation in _S. B. E._ xiii pp. 95, 96. [45] Dhammapada i 5 and xvii 123 (_S. B. E._ x pp. 5, 58). [46] Mahaffy, _Empire of the Ptolemies_, p. 164. These alternative interpretations of the doctrine of _Nirvana_ must not be accepted as uncontroversial. [47] Mahaffy, _Empire of the Ptolemies_, p. 163; V. A. Smith, _Açoka_, p. 174. [48] See Gomperz, _Greek Thinkers_, ii pp. 155-162, and below, § 52. [49] Epict. _Disc._ iii 24, 64 to 66 (Long’s translation). [50] _ib._ iii 22, 45 to 50. [51] ‘The system that stood to Pagan Rome more nearly than anything else in the place of a religion’ Crossley, _M. Aurelius_, iv Pref. p. xii. ‘Its history resembles that of a religion rather than a speculative system’ Rendall, _M. Aurelius_, Pref. p. xv. [52] See below, § 173. [53] ‘Patricians, as we call them, only too often fail in natural affection’ M. Aurel. _To himself_, i 12 (Rendall’s translation). See also below, §§ 442, 443. [54] ‘Dying, [Stoicism] bequeathed no small part of its disciplines, its dogmas, and its phraseology to the Christianity by which it was ingathered’ Rendall, _M. Aurelius_, Pref. p. xv. ‘The basis of Christian society is not Christian, but Roman and Stoical’ Hatch, _Hibbert Lectures_, p. 170. ‘[The post-Aristotelian period] supplied the scientific mould into which Christianity in the early years of its growth was cast, and bearing the shape of which it has come down to us’ O. J. Reichel in his Preface to the translation of Zeller’s _Stoics_, etc. [55] See above, § 9. [56] It is not admitted by the best authorities that the term ‘Pharisee’ is in any way connected with the name of ‘Persian’ or its modern equivalent ‘Parsee.’ But the resemblance in beliefs and habits is very striking, especially if we contrast the Pharisees with their Sadducee opponents. ‘The Sadducees say that there is no resurrection, neither angel, nor spirit; but the Pharisees confess both’ Acts xxiii 8. [57] D. A. Bertholet, ‘The value of the history of religions,’ _Homiletic Review_, Nov. 1908. [58] See Fairweather, _Background of the Gospels_, ch. vii (on ‘the apocalyptic movement and literature’). [59] _ib._ p. 337. [60] See above, § 12. [61] Heinze, _Lehre vom Logos_, pp. 251, 252. [62] ‘The Logos is related to God as Wisdom, and is the full expression of the Divine mind. He is the sheckinah or glory of God, the first-born Son of God, the second God’ Fairweather, _Background of the Gospels_, p. 358. [63] Friedländer, _Die religiösen Bewegungen innerhalb des Judaïsmus_, 1905.