Michel Boulard had since 1800 been a voyageur with Thompson. In 1806–07 he wintered at Rocky Mountain House, and the following spring crossed the range to Kootenay. The next four winters were spent in the mountains, and he was one of the seven canoe men who brought Thompson to Astoria in July, 1811. For his later connection with the Astorians, see _post_.—ED. Footnote 32: Ross’s designations of Indian tribes differ from those of other travellers in this region. Lewis and Clark called the permanent dwellers at the narrows, Echelutes. Wyampam must be another name for the same tribe—a branch of the Upper Chinooks.—ED. Footnote 33: The river which Ross calls “Lowhum,” had several designations among early travellers. Lewis and Clark call it “Towarnahiooks.” All evidently endeavored to give it the Indian name, which was an imitation of the sound made by the falls at its mouth. It is at present known as Des Chutes River.—ED. Footnote 34: Ross later relates the adventures of the pioneer John Day, from whom this river takes its name.—ED. Footnote 35: The identification of “Suppa” River is uncertain. The largest affluent of the Columbia between John Day and Umatilla River is that Oregon stream now known as Willow Creek.—ED. Footnote 36: For the Umatilla River, see Franchère, note 141. A large isolated cliff, just below the mouth of the Umatilla, is still called Castle Rock.—ED. Footnote 37: The rapid here described, is now known as the Umatilla Rapid; Lewis and Clark designated it as “The Musselshell,” from the heaps of those shells spread out upon the banks. The brigade had just passed the present boundary of Oregon, 46° of north latitude.—ED. Footnote 38: The Wallawalla Indians are of the Shahaptian stock—one of the great families of the inland Columbians, to which the Nez Percés and Umatilla belong. Usually they were hospitable and well-affected towards the whites. Lewis and Clark especially mention their friendly disposition. Many years later, they became disaffected and joined the Cayuse in acts of hostility. A treaty was made with the Wallawallas in 1855, whereby they surrendered their lands, and retired to the Umatilla reservation, where at the last report (1902) five hundred and sixty-nine were still residing. The “Shaw Haptens” were a kindred race speaking the Shahaptian language.