Rough Ways Made Smooth: A series of familiar essays on scientific subjectsProctor, Richard A. (Richard Anthony)
Science
Rough Ways Made Smooth: A series of familiar essays on scientific subjects
Proctor, Richard A. (Richard Anthony)
Science
Now let us conceive the somewhat thickened crust contracting upon
the partially fluid nucleus. If the crust were tolerably uniform in
strength and thickness we should expect to find it yielding (when
forced to yield) at many points, distributed somewhat uniformly over
its extent. But this would not be the case if--as we might for many
reasons expect--the crust were wanting in uniformity. There would
be regions where the crust would be more plastic, and so readier to
yield to the tangential tensions. Towards such portions of the crust
the liquid matter within would tend, because there alone would room
exist for it. The down-drawing, or rather in-drawing, crust elsewhere
would force away the liquid matter beneath, towards such regions of
less resistance, which would thus remain at (and be partly forced
to) a higher level. At length, however, the increasing tensions thus
resulting would have their natural effect; the crust would break
open at the middle of the raised region, and in radiating rifts,
and the molten matter would find vent through the rifts as well as
at the central opening. The matter so extruded, being liquid, would
spread, so that--though the radiating nature of the rifts would still
be indicated by the position of the extruded matter--there would
be no abrupt changes of level. It is clear, also, that so soon as
the outlet had been formed the long and slowly sloping sides of the
region of elevation would gradually sink, pressing the liquid matter
below towards the centre of outlet, whence it would continue to pour
out so long as this process of contraction continued. All round the
borders of the aperture the crust would be melted, and would continue
plastic long after the matter which had filled the fissures and flowed
out through them had solidified. Thus there would be formed a wide
circular orifice, which would from the beginning be considerably above
the mean level of the moon's surface, because of the manner in which
the liquid matter within had been gathered there by the pressure of
the surrounding slopes.[10] Moreover, around the orifice, the matter
outflowing as the crust continued to contract would form a raised wall.
Until the time came when the liquid nucleus began to contract more
rapidly than the crust, the large crateriform orifice would be full
to the brim (or nearly so), at all times, with occasional overflows:
and as a writer who has recently adopted this theory has remarked, 'We
should ultimately have a large central lake of lava surrounded by a
range of hills, terraced on the outside,--the lake filling up the space
they enclosed.'
Public-domain text, read in full here on John Shaqi.
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