Rough Ways Made Smooth: A series of familiar essays on scientific subjectsProctor, Richard A. (Richard Anthony)
Science
Rough Ways Made Smooth: A series of familiar essays on scientific subjects
Proctor, Richard A. (Richard Anthony)
Science
It is probable that during the next three nights some light may be
thrown on one of the most perplexing yet most interesting of all
the problems recently suggested to the study of astronomers. It is
confidently expected that many of those November meteors called
Andromeds will be seen on one or other of those nights, if not on all
three. No meteor systems, not even the famous systems of August and
November, are more remarkable than this singular family. To explain
why astronomers regard the Andromeds with so much interest, it will
be necessary to speak of an object which at first sight seems in no
way connected with them--an object, in fact, which, so long as it was
actually known to astronomers, was never supposed to be connected with
any family of meteors--the celebrated lost comet called Biela's (or, by
Frenchmen, Gambart's comet). In February, 1826, Biela discovered in the
constellation Aries a comet which was found to be travelling in an oval
path round the sun, in a period of about six years seven and a half
months. Tracing its course backwards, astronomers found that it had
been seen in 1772 by Montaigne, and observed for two or three weeks in
that year by Messier, the great comet hunter. Nothing very remarkable
was recognised regarding this comet in 1826, except the fact that its
path nearly intersects that of our own earth; so that if ever the earth
is to encounter a comet, here seemed to be the comet she had to fear.
Great terror was, indeed, excited by the announcement that in 1832 the
comet would cross the earth's track only four or five weeks before the
earth came to the place of danger. But no harm happened. In that year,
and again in 1839, the comet returned quietly enough, though in 1839
it was not observed, being so placed that it was lost in the splendour
of the solar rays. In February, 1846, the comet was again seen, this
being the third return since its discovery in 1826, or rather, since
its recognition as a member of the solar system, the eleventh since it
was first seen by Montaigne. At this time everything seemed to suggest
that this comet, unless our earth at some future time should absorb it,
would remain for a long time a steady member of the sun's comet family.
But only a few days after its detection in February, 1846, the comet
was found to have divided into two, which travelled side by side until
both vanished from view with increasing distance. In 1852 the companion
comets reappeared, and again both continued in view till their motion
carried them beyond telescopic range. As the distance between the
coupled comets had increased from about 160,000 miles in 1846 to about
1,250,000 miles in 1852, astronomers anticipated a most interesting
series of observations at the successive returns of the double comet to
the earth's neighbourhood. Unfortunately, in 1859 the comet's course
carried it athwart a part of the sky illuminated by the sun's rays, so
that astronomers could not then expect to see it. But in 1866 it was
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