Impression upon Robespierre and Saint Just 132 Rousseau's scheme implied a small territory 135 Why the Social Contract made fanatics 137 Verbal quality of its propositions 138 The doctrine of public safety 143 The doctrine of the sovereignty of peoples 144 Its early phases 144 Its history in the sixteenth century 146 Hooker and Grotius 148 Locke 149 Hobbes 151 Central propositions of the Social Contract-- 1. Origin of society in compact 154 Different conception held by the Physiocrats 156 2. Sovereignty of the body thus constituted 158 Difference from Hobbes and Locke 159 The root of socialism 160 Republican phraseology 161 3. Attributes of sovereignty 162 4. The law-making power 163 A contemporary illustration 164 Hints of confederation 166 5. Forms of government 168 Criticism on the common division 169 Rousseau's preference for elective aristocracy 172 6. Attitude of the state to religion 173 Rousseau's view, the climax of a reaction 176 Its effect at the French Revolution 179 Its futility 180 Another method of approaching the philosophy of government-- Origin of society not a compact 183 The true reason of the submission of a minority to a majority 184 Rousseau fails to touch actual problems 186 The doctrine of resistance, for instance 188 Historical illustrations 190 Historical effect of the Social Contract in France and Germany 193 Socialist deductions from it 194 CHAPTER IV. EMILIUS. Rousseau touched by the enthusiasm of his time 197 Contemporary excitement as to education, part of the revival of naturalism 199 I.--Locke, on education 202 Difference between him and Rousseau 204 Exhortations to mothers 205 Importance of infantile habits 208 Rousseau's protest against reasoning with children 209 Criticised 209 The opposite theory 210 The idea of property 212 Artificially contrived incidents 214 Rousseau's omission of the principle of authority 215 Connected with his neglect of the faculty of sympathy 219 II.--Rousseau's ideal of living 221 The training that follows from it 222 The duty of knowing a craft 223 Social conception involved in this moral conception 226 III.--Three aims before the instructor 229 Rousseau's omission of training for the social conscience 230 No contemplation of society as a whole 232 Personal interest, the foundation of the morality of Emilius 233 The sphere and definition of the social conscience 235 IV.--The study of history 237 Rousseau's notions upon the subject 239 V.--Ideals of life for women 241 Rousseau's repudiation of his own principles 242 His oriental and obscurantist position 243 Arising from his want of faith in improvement 244 His reactionary tendencies in this region eventually neutralised 248