Produced by Ron Swanson _Rulers of India_ EDITED BY SIR WILLIAM WILSON HUNTER, K.C.S.I.: C.I.E.: M.A. (OXFORD): LL.D. (CAMBRIDGE) THE EARL OF MAYO London HENRY FROWDE OXFORD UNIVERSITY PRESS WAREHOUSE AMEN CORNER, E.C. [_All rights reserved_] [Illustration: MAP OF THE INDIAN EMPIRE] [Frontispiece: Mayo. _Collotype. Oxford University Press._] RULERS OF INDIA THE EARL OF MAYO BY SIR WILLIAM WILSON HUNTER, K.C.S.I.: C.I.E.: M.A.: LL.D. Oxford AT THE CLARENDON PRESS: 1891 Oxford PRINTED AT THE CLARENDON PRESS BY HORACE HART, PRINTER TO THE UNIVERSITY CONTENTS CHAP. PAGES I. INTRODUCTION . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7-16 II. THE MAN . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 17-79 III. THE ACTUAL PROCESS OF VICEREGAL GOVERNMENT . . . 80-97 IV. LORD MAYO'S DEALINGS WITH THE FEUDATORY STATES . 98-118 V. LORD MAYO'S FOREIGN POLICY . . . . . . . . . . . 119-135 VI. LORD MAYO'S FINANCIAL REFORMS . . . . . . . . . 136-157 VII. LORD MAYO'S MILITARY POLICY . . . . . . . . . . 158-170 VIII. LORD MAYO'S INTERNAL ADMINISTRATION . . . . . . 171-186 IX. THE END . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 187-201 INDEX . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 203-206 _NOTE_ The orthography of proper names follows the system adopted by the Indian Government for the _Imperial Gazetteer of India_. That system, while adhering to the popular spelling of very well-known places, such as Punjab, Lucknow, &c., employs in all other cases the vowels with the following uniform sounds:-- _a_, as in wom_a_n: _a_, as in f_a_ther: _i_, as in pol_i_ce: _i_, as in intr_i_gue: _o_, as in c_o_ld: _u_, as in b_u_ll: _u_, as in s_u_re: _e_, as in gr_e_y. THE EARL OF MAYO {7} CHAPTER I INTRODUCTION The _Life of Dalhousie_ dealt with the last accessions made to the British dominions in India under the East India Company. The present volume exhibits a memorable stage in the process by which those dominions, old and new, were welded together into the India of the Queen. Between the two periods a time of trial had intervened. Northern India, drained of its European regiments in spite of the protests of Dalhousie, seemed during the agony of 1857 to lie at the mercy of the revolted native troops. The Mutiny left behind it many political lessons, and two historical facts. These facts were that the Sepoys in whom the East India Company gloried as its chief strength had proved its chief danger, and that the ruling princes of India, whom the Company always regarded as a main source of danger, had proved a source of strength.