_Operative, executive, speculative labor._—In the advancing complexity of society a still more important classification of labor is apparent. If a man’s effort of any kind is simply to follow directions in an established routine, it is called operative labor, and the laborer becomes an operative. He works usually by the day, hour or piece, under a foreman or overseer. Beyond the task set for him, he has no thought nor will. Over him is a director—the foreman, overseer, contractor or boss—whose chief effort is to carry forward to completion some plan committed to him as a trust. The foreman’s labor is largely mental and moral in adjusting tasks and keeping the operatives, “the hands,” well employed. This is well named executive labor, and requires peculiar abilities and character. Still farther away from the mere task is the effort that devises the plan; adjusts part to part, decides upon materials suitable for each part, establishes the ideal of excellence for every part and for the whole, and foresees its actual uses. Invention of every kind illustrates the exertion of foresight in planning, but such exertion is not confined to technical invention. The farmer who lies awake nights to plan his year’s work so that he may have the largest returns for his undertakings in marketable products, gives the same kind of effort as the inventor. A good name for this is speculative labor,—an exertion to foresee and provide for future needs of society. In much of farm life all these are mingled: the same man devises the plan, executes his own ideas, and performs the tasks himself. But every one realizes the difference of success growing out of the planning. Many a good man needs to follow another’s plans, and not a few “work better for others than they can for themselves.” In some great undertakings the projector and planner, the contractor and overseer and the worker of details are necessarily separated. This may be well illustrated in the construction of a great building, for which an architect gives all attention to a plan, and may require a considerable force of assistants and draftsmen to embody his ideas on paper; then contractors, one or several, secure material, employ men and direct them in placing materials in form and combination to suit the plans; but a host of workmen move as directed at the will of a foreman to pile brick, mortar, stone, iron or timber according to the plan. The labor of the architect makes possible the entire structure—makes the work for all that enter into his labors. This classification into speculative, executive and operative labor helps to a fair estimate in sharing the proceeds of combined labors, and gives a proper importance to the inventive and foreseeing energy which causes the growth of civilization. _That form of exertion which has done most to meet the world’s wants is speculative labor._