[3] The Russian name of the first capital of Russia is Moskvà. However, “Moscow,” like “Warsaw,” etc., is of so general a use that it would be affectation to use the Russian name. [4] In all names the vowels _a_, _e_, _i_, _o_, _u_ have to be pronounced as in Italian (_father_, _then_, _in_, _on_, _push_). [5] In the years 1730-1738 he was ambassador at London. [6] In 1775-1782 she spent a few years at Edinburgh for the education of her son. [7] Two free editions of it were made, one by Herzen at London: _Prince Scherbátoff and A. Radíscheff_, 1858; and another at Leipzig: _Journey_, in 1876. See A. Pypin’s _History of Russian Literature_, vol. iv. [8] Pronounce _Zh_ as a French _j_ (_Joukóvskiy_ in French). [9] It is now known how much of the preparatory work which rendered Karamzín’s _History_ possible was done by the Academicians Schlötzer, Müller, and Stritter, as well as by the above-mentioned historian Scherbátoff, who had thoroughly studied the annals and whose views Karamzín closely followed in his work. PART II Púshkin--Lérmontoff CHAPTER II PÚSHKIN AND LÉRMONTOFF Púshkin: Beauty of form--Púshkin and Schiller--His youth; his exile; his later career and death--Fairy tales: _Ruslán and Ludmíla_--His lyrics--“Byronism”--Drama--_Evghéniy Onyéghin_--LÉRMONTOFF: Púshkin or Lérmontoff?--His life--The Caucasus--Poetry of Nature--Influence of Shelley--_The Demon_--_Mtsyri_--Love of freedom--His death--Púshkin and Lérmontoff as prose-writers--Other poets and novelists of the same epoch. PÚSHKIN Púshkin is not quite a stranger to English readers. In a valuable collection of review articles dealing with Russian writers which Professor Coolidge, of Cambridge, Massachusetts, put at my disposal, I found that in 1832, and later on in 1845, Púshkin was spoken of as a writer more or less familiar in England, and translations of some of his lyrics were given in the reviews. Later on Púshkin was rather neglected in Russia itself, and the more so abroad, and up to the present time there is no English translation, worthy of the great poet, of any of his works. In France, on the contrary--owing to Turguéneff and Prosper Mérimée, who saw in Púshkin one of the great poets of mankind--as well as in Germany, all the chief works of the Russian poet are known to literary men in good translations, of which some are admirable. To the great reading public the Russian poet is, however, nowhere well known outside his own mother country.