Lérmontoff’s demonism or pessimism was not the pessimism of despair, but a militant protest against all that is ignoble in life, and in this respect his poetry has deeply impressed itself upon all our subsequent literature. His pessimism was the irritation of a strong man at seeing others round him so weak and so base. With his inborn feeling of the Beautiful, which evidently can never exist without the True and the Good, and at the same time surrounded--especially in the worldly spheres he lived in, and on the Caucasus--by men and women who could not or did not dare to understand him, he might easily have arrived at a pessimistic contempt and hatred of mankind; but he always maintained his faith in the higher qualities of man. It was quite natural that in his youth--especially in those years of universal reaction, the thirties--Lérmontoff should have expressed his discontent with the world in such a general and abstract creation as is _The Demon_. Something similar we find even with Schiller. But gradually his pessimism took a more concrete form. It was not mankind altogether, and still less heaven and earth, that he despised in his latter productions, but the negative features of his own generation. In his prose novel, _The Hero of our Own Time_, in his _Thoughts (Duma)_, etc., he perceived higher ideals, and already in 1840--_i. e._, one year before his death--he seemed ready to open a new page in his creation, in which his powerfully constructive and critical mind would have been directed towards the real evils of actual life, and real, positive good would apparently have been his aim. But it was at this very moment that, like Púshkin, he fell in a duel. Lérmontoff was, above all, a “humanist,”--a deeply humanitarian poet. Already at the age of twenty-three, he had written a poem from the times of John the Terrible, _Song about the Merchant Kaláshnikoff_, which is rightly considered as one of the best gems of Russian literature, both for its powers, its artistic finish, and its wonderful epic style. The poem, which produced a great impression when it became known in Germany in Bodenstedt’s translation, is imbued with the fiercest spirit of revolt against the courtiers of the Terrible Tsar. Lérmontoff deeply loved Russia, but not the official Russia: not the crushing military power of a fatherland, which is so dear to the so-called patriots, and he wrote: _I love my fatherland; but strange that love, In spite of all my reasoning may say; Its glory, bought by shedding streams of blood, Its quietness, so full of fierce disdain, And the traditions of its gloomy past Do not awake in me a happy vision._...