Russian Prisons: St. Peter and St. Paul; the Schlüsselburg; the Ostrog at Omsk; the story of Siberian exile; Tiumen, Tomsk, SaghalienGriffiths, Arthur
History
Russian Prisons: St. Peter and St. Paul; the Schlüsselburg; the Ostrog at Omsk; the story of Siberian exile; Tiumen, Tomsk, Saghalien
Griffiths, Arthur
Exiles -- Russia (Federation) -- Siberia -- History; Prisons -- Russia -- History
There was little to choose between the _étapes_ and the _polu étapes_,
but the latter were smaller and the accommodation was consequently
worse. Both were stockaded enclosures, containing three or more long,
low, one-story buildings. One of these was the commanding officer’s
quarters, a second was for the soldiers of the escort, and the remaining
hut or huts formed the prison. Each was divided into two or three cells;
each was furnished with the usual plank sleeping platforms in a double
row, and a brick stove. The available space was much too small for the
prisoners passing through as these halting prisons were built for about
half the number. “All of these,” says an official report, “are not only
too small, but old and decayed and demand capital repairs.” The
governor-general of Eastern Siberia, Anuchin, reported confidentially in
1880, to the Czar, Alexander III, that all prisons he had visited,
including the _étapes_, were tumbled-down buildings in a lamentable
sanitary condition; that they were cold in winter and saturated with
miasma; that the prisons of the empire generally, with the exception of
the principal ones recently erected, were not remarkable for their good
qualities, but the Siberian prisons were particularly bad because they
were built quickly, with insufficient means, and almost wholly without
supervision of any kind. Only one architect had been employed and his
sphere of action was so wide that he paid only a rare visit to new works
in progress. The contractors departed from the original plans and evaded
conditions, so that the work was continually neglected. In the first
place the money was insufficient, after a portion of the government
appropriation had been stolen by fraudulent contractors and corrupt
officials, and the new _étapes_ were run up without stone foundations,
so that the walls soon “settled” and the buildings rapidly deteriorated
under climatic agencies and the injurious wear and tear of the constant
overcrowding. In temperate weather half the prisoners slept on the
ground in the outer courtyard, but when it was too inclement they filled
the _kameras_, lay about the corridors and packed themselves into the
garrets. Not the smallest care was taken to make places habitable. Dirt
accumulated everywhere; no provision had been made for ventilation, and
the windows would not even open. Occupation of quarters was a matter of
force, when the weakest went to the wall.
Public-domain text, read in full here on John Shaqi.
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