A point of more general importance, and capable of more definite explanation, is the predominance of certain sacred personages in particular schools of Art. St. Cosmo and St. Damian, for instance, are perpetually recurring in the Florentine pictures as the patron saints of the Medici family. In the Lombard pictures St. Ambrose is often found without his compeers—not as doctor of the Church, but as bishop of Milan. In the Siena pictures, we may look for the nun St. Catherine of Siena, and St. Ansano, the apostle of the Sienese, holding his banner and palm. And in the Augustine chapels and churches, St. Augustine figures, not as doctor of the Church, but as patriarch of the Order. A bishop-martyr, holding his palm, and not otherwise designated either by name or attribute, would be—in one if Perugino’s pictures, St. Ercolano or St. Costanzo; in a Florentine picture, St. Donato or St. Romulo; if the picture were painted in the March of Ancona, it would probably be St. Apollinaris of Ravenna; at Naples it would be St. Januarius; at Paris, or in a picture painted for a French church, of which there are many in Italy, it would be St. Denis; and in German prints, St. Boniface or St. Lambert. I need not further multiply examples. If the locality from which the picture came will sometimes determine the names of the personages, so the personages represented will often explain the purpose and intended situation of the picture. There is in Lord Ashburton’s gallery a noble group representing together St. Peter, St. Leonard, St. Martha, and Mary Magdalene. Such a combination points it out at once as intended for a charitable institution, and, on enquiry, we find that it was painted for the chapel of a brotherhood associated to redeem prisoners, to ransom slaves, to work for the poor, and to convert the sinner to repentance. Many such interesting and instructive analogies will be pointed out in the course of the following pages, and the observer of works of Art will discover others for himself. I add here, in alphabetical order, those countries and localities of which the patron saints are distinguished in works of Art.[6] ANCONA: St. Cyriacus, _Bishop_; and his mother Anna, _Martyr_. AREZZO: St. Donato, _Bishop_. ASTI, NOVARA, and all through the cities of PIEDMONT and the north of Italy, we find the _Warrior_, St. Maurice, and his companions St. Secundus, St. Alexander, and the other Martyrs of the Theban Legion. AUGSBURG: St. Ulrich, _Bishop_; St. Afra, _Martyr_. AUSTRIA: St. Leopold, St. Stephen, St. Maximilian, St. Coloman. BAMBERG: St. Henry and St. Cunegunda, _Emperor_ and _Empress_. BARCELONA: St. Eulalia, _Martyr_. (In Spanish pictures only.) BAVARIA: St. George, _Martyr_. BERGAMO: St. Alexander, _Warrior_; St. Grata, _Widow_. BOHEMIA: St. John Nepomuck, _Priest_; St. Wenceslaus, _King_; St. Ludmilla, _Queen_; St. Vitus, _young Martyr_; St. Procopius, _Hermit_.