SIENA: St. Ansano, _Martyr_; St. Catherine of Siena, _Nun_; St. Bernardino, _Friar_. THURINGIA and all that part of SAXONY: St. Elizabeth of Hungary; St. Boniface, _Bishop_. TOLEDO: St. Ildefonso, _Bishop_; and St. Leocadia, _Martyr_. (Only in Spanish pictures.) TREVISO: St. Liberale, _Warrior_. TURIN: St. John the Baptist; St. Maurice, _Warrior_. UMBRIA: All through this region and the eastern coast of Italy, very important in respect to Art, the favourite saints are—St. Nicholas, _Bishop_; St. Francis of Assisi, _Friar_; St. Clara, _Nun_; St. Julian, _Martyr_; and St. Catherine, _Virgin Martyr_. VALENCIA: St. Vincent, _Martyr_. VENICE: St. Mark, _Apostle_; St. George, St. Theodore, _Warriors_; St. Nicholas, _Bishop_; St. Catherine, St. Christina, _Virgin Martyrs_. VERCELLI: St. Eusebius, _Bishop_; St. Thronestus, _Warrior_ (Theban Legion). VERONA: St. Zeno, _Bishop_; St. Fermo, _Martyr_; St. Euphemia, _Martyr_. VOTIVE PICTURES are those which have been dedicated in certain religious edifices, in fulfilment of vows; either as the expression of thanksgiving for blessings which have been vouchsafed, or propitiative against calamities to be averted. The far greater number of these pictures commemorate an escape from danger, sickness, death; and more especially, some visitation of the plague, that terrible and frequent scourge of the middle ages. The significance of such pictures is generally indicated by the presence of St. Sebastian or St. Roch, the patrons against the plague; or St. Cosmo and St. Damian, the healing and medical saints; accompanied by the patron saints of the country or locality, if it be a public act of devotion; or, if dedicated by private or individual piety, the donor kneels, presented by his own patron saint. In general, though not always, this expressive group is arranged in attendance on the enthroned Madonna and her divine Son, as the universal protectors from all evil. Such pictures are among the most interesting and remarkable of the works of sacred Art which remain to us, and have often a pathetic and poetical beauty, and an historical significance, which it is a chief purpose of these volumes to interpret and illustrate. [Illustration: _S^t. Damian._ _S^t. Mark._ _S^t. Roch._ _A. J. fecit_ _S^t. Cosmo._ _S^t. Sebastian._ _A Venetian votive picture against the plague._] IV. OF CERTAIN EMBLEMS AND ATTRIBUTES. To know something of the attributes and emblems of general application, as well as those proper to each saint, is absolutely necessary; but it will also greatly assist the fancy and the memory to _understand_ their origin and significance. For this reason I will add a few words of explanation. * * * * *